Entity Framework Interview Questions and Answers 2025

An EDMX file is an XML file used to define an entity data model (EDM) in EF Core. It contains three parts: Conceptual Schema Definition Language (CSDL), Store Schema Definition Language (SSDL), and Map Schema Schema Language (MSL). 

1. Conceptual Schema Definition Language (CSDL): The CSDL section of an EDMX file defines a conceptual model of data that represents the entities, attributes, and relationships of an application domain. It defines the structure, properties and relationships of units. It is independent of the underlying database and can be used to map entities to different data sources. The CSDL section is used to define the entity, complex type, enumeration and inheritance hierarchies.
2. Store Schema Definition Language (SSDL): The SSDL section of an EDMX file defines a data store model that represents the physical database schema to which entities are mapped. It defines the structure of database tables, columns, keys and indexes and the relationships between them. It is specific to the underlying database and is used to create the database schema and perform CRUD operations. The SSDL section is used to define store entities, store types, store models, and the mapping between CSDL and SSDL.
3. Mapping Schema Language (MSL): The MSL section of the EDMX file defines the mapping between the conceptual model and the store model. It describes how to map entities, attributes, and relationships in a CSDL section to tables, columns, and keys in an SSDL section. The MSL section is used to define the mapping between the CSDL and SSDL sections, it defines the mapping of attributes, navigation properties and complex types, and the mapping of relationships between entities.

Together, these three parts of the EDMX file form the complete EDM definition that EF Core uses to communicate with the underlying data source. A CSDL section defines a conceptual data model that represents the entities, attributes, and relationships of an application domain. The SSDL section defines a data warehouse model that represents the physical database schema to which entities are mapped. The MSL section defines the mapping between the conceptual model and the store model. When creating an EDMX file, you can use the visual designer to create a data model that automatically generates the CSDL, SSDL, and MSL parts of the file. 

Alternatively, you can create the EDMX file manually by entering the XML code in the CSDL, SSDL and MSL sections. One of the advantages of using EDMX is that it allows you to make changes to the data model in the visual designer and then automatically generate changes to the CSDL, SSDL, and MSL parts of the file. This eliminates the need to manually write and run SQL scripts to create and modify database tables and relationships. Another advantage of using EDMX is that it allows you to separate data modeling and data access code, making code easier to maintain and test. By clearly separating the data model and data access code, developers can make changes to the data model without affecting the data access code and vice versa. It is also worth noting that while EDMX is the traditional way of working with EF, it is not the only way, and there are other methods such as Code First and Database First approaches that allow you to work with EF Core as well. 

A proxy object in a POCO (Plain Old CLR Object) class refers to an object that is created by EF Core to enhance the functionality of a POCO class. The proxy object is a dynamically generated class that inherits from the POCO class and adds additional functionality to it, such as change tracking and lazy loading. 

When a POCO class is used with EF Core, the Entity Framework dynamically generates a proxy class that inherits from the POCO class and overrides certain properties and methods. This proxy class is used instead of the original POCO class when interacting with the database. 

One of the key advantages of using proxy objects is that they enable lazy loading, which is a feature that allows EF Core to defer the loading of navigation properties until they are accessed. This can greatly improve the performance of an application by reducing the number of database queries that need to be executed. 

Another advantage of using proxy objects is that they enable change tracking, which is a feature that allows EF Core to keep track of changes made to the entities and persist them to the database. This can greatly improve the developer's productivity by eliminating the need to write explicit code to track changes. 

In addition, proxy objects also provide support for dynamic properties and methods, which allows you to extend the POCO class with additional functionality at runtime. This can be useful in situations where you need to add extra functionality to a class without modifying its code. 

The various entity states in EF Core are: 

• Added: An entity is in the Added state when it has been newly created and added to the context, but has not yet been saved to the database. EF Core will insert the entity into the database when the SaveChanges method is called. 
• Unchanged: An entity is in the Unchanged state when it has been retrieved from the database, and no changes have been made to it. EF Core will not include the entity in the changeset when the SaveChanges method is called. 
• Detached: An entity is in the Detached state when it is not being tracked by the context, meaning it is not being monitored for changes and will not be included in the changeset when the SaveChanges method is called. A detached entity can be re-attached to the context by calling the Attach method. 
• DetachedClean: An entity is in the DetachedClean state when it is not being tracked by the context, and it has not been modified. A detached clean entity can be re-attached to the context by calling the Attach method without marking it as Modified. 
• Modified: An entity is in the Modified state when one or more of its properties have been modified, but it has not yet been saved to the database. EF Core will update the entity in the database when the SaveChanges method is called. 
• Deleted: An entity is in the Deleted state when it has been marked for deletion, but it has not yet been deleted from the database. EF Core will delete the entity from the database when the SaveChanges method is called. 
• ModifiedUnchanged: An entity is in the ModifiedUnchanged state when it has been modified and then marked as Unchanged. This state can occur when calling the DetectChanges method or by setting the state of an entity manually. 
• AddedUnchanged: An entity is in the AddedUnchanged state when it has been added and then marked as Unchanged. This state can occur when calling the DetectChanges method or by setting the state of an entity manually. 
• DeletedUnchanged: An entity is in the DeletedUnchanged state when it has been deleted and then marked as Unchanged. This state can occur when calling the DetectChanges method or by setting the state of an entity manually. 
• Unknown: An entity is in the Unknown state when its state is unknown or not being tracked by the context. 

It's worth noting that, these states are not mutually exclusive, an entity can be in multiple states at the same time, like an entity can be in both Detached and Modified state. EF Core uses these states to determine how to interact with the entities when the SaveChanges method is called. For example, if an entity is in the Added state, EF Core will insert it into the database, if it is in the Modified state, EF Core will update it in the database, and if it is in the Deleted state, EF Core will delete it from the database. Also, EF Core uses these states to keep track of the changes made to the entities, and to detect conflicts when multiple users are working with the same data. 

Inheritance in Entity Framework is similar to class inheritance in C#. In Entity Framework, you can map the inheritance hierarchy to one or more database tables according to your needs. EF supports three types of inheritance: 

There are three types of inheritance in EF Core: 

• Table Per Hierarchy (TPH): TPH is used when all entities in a hierarchy are mapped to a single table in the database. The table contains a column that indicates the type of entity, ie. limiter This strategy is useful when the number of derived classes is limited and the properties of the derived classes are not very different from each other. 
• Table Per Type (TPT): TPT is used when each category in the hierarchy is mapped to a separate table in the database. This strategy is useful when derived classes have very different properties and you want to maintain separate tables for each class. 
• Table Per Concrete Type (TPC): TPC is used when each class, including the base class, is mapped to a separate table in the database. This strategy is useful when derived classes have very different properties and you want to maintain separate tables for each class, including the base class. 

The Entity Framework (EF) provides a number of ways to manage transactions when working with a database. The primary way that EF manages transactions is through the use of the DbContext class, which provides a Database.BeginTransaction() method that allows you to start a new transaction, and a SaveChanges method that allows you to persist the changes to the database within a transaction. 

When working with EF and a database, it is important to understand that changes made to entities are not immediately persisted to the database. Instead, changes are tracked by the context, and the SaveChanges method is used to persist the changes to the database. This allows you to make multiple changes to entities, and then persist all the changes at once, rather than persisting each change individually. 

When you call the SaveChanges method, EF automatically wraps the changes in a transaction and sends them to the database. This ensures that all the changes are committed or rolled back together, and that the database remains in a consistent state. However, in some cases, you may want to have more control over the transaction, and this is where the Database.BeginTransaction() method comes in handy. 

The BeginTransaction method allows you to start a new transaction and return a DbTransaction object, which you can use to commit or rollback the transaction. Here is an example of how you can use the BeginTransaction method to start a new transaction: 

using (var context = new MyDbContext()) 
{ 
using (var transaction = context.Database.BeginTransaction()) 
{ 
try 
{ 
// Perform database operations within the transaction 
Context.items.Add 

EF Core is the latest version of the Entity Framework and it is designed to be cross-platform and run on a variety of platforms such as Windows, Linux, and macOS. It also supports multiple database providers such as SQL Server, MySQL, and SQLite. On the other hand, EF6 is specifically designed to work with SQL Server and it is not cross-platform. If you are building an application that needs to run on multiple platforms or you need to work with a database that is not SQL Server, then EF Core would be the better choice. 

Another factor to consider is the level of maintenance and support. EF Core is the actively developed version of the framework and it has a more frequent release cycle with regular updates and bug fixes. EF6 is the older version of the framework and it will no longer receive updates or bug fixes. If you are building a new application, it's recommended to use EF Core, as it will have more longevity. Additionally, EF Core has performance improvements over EF6, it is more lightweight and optimized for cloud-based scenarios. If you are building a new application that requires high performance and scalability, then EF Core would be the better choice.

Managing database transactions in a RESTful API using Entity Framework involves using the DbContext class and the Database.BeginTransaction() method to create a transaction scope. 

When you make multiple changes to the database within a single transaction, either all the changes are committed or none of them are. This is known as "all or nothing" semantics. If any of the changes within the transaction fail, the entire transaction is rolled back, which ensures that the data remains in a consistent state. 

Example of how to handle database transactions in a RESTful API using Entity Framework: 

[Route("api/[controller]")] 
public class OrdersController : Controller 
{ 
private readonly MyDbContext _context; 
public OrdersController(MyDbContext context) 
{ 
_context = context; 
} 
[HttpPost] 
public async Task<IActionResult> CreateOrder([FromBody] Order order) 
{ 
using (var transaction = await _context.Database.BeginTransactionAsync()) 
{ 
try 
{ 
_context.Orders.Add(order); 
await _context.SaveChangesAsync(); 
// Perform additional actions here, such as updating related entities 
// or calling other methods that also update the database 
transaction.Commit(); 
return CreatedAtAction(nameof(GetOrder), new { id=order.Id }, order); 
} 
catch (Exception) 
{ 
transaction.Rollback(); 
return StatusCode(500); 
} 
} 
} 
[HttpGet("{id}")] 
public async Task<IActionResult> GetOrder(int id) 
{ 
var order = await _context.Orders.FindAsync(id); 
if (order == null) 
{ 
return NotFound(); 
} 
return Ok(order); 
} 
} 

It uses the BeginTransactionAsync method and the asynchronous versions of the SaveChanges and Find methods. This allows the API to handle multiple requests simultaneously and it can result in a better performance when dealing with high concurrency scenarios.  

In the CreateOrder action, we are using BeginTransactionAsync method from the database object of the context to start a new transaction. It then adds the new order to the context and saves the changes to the database asynchronously. Then, if there are additional actions to be performed that also involve updating the database, they are done within the transaction. Finally, if all the actions are successful, the transaction is committed, otherwise, it is rolled back. 

It's important to note that, when using transactions in this way, it is important to make sure that the code is exception-safe, so that the transaction is rolled back if an exception occurs, which is why we are using try-catch block to handle the exceptions. Another important thing to keep in mind when working with transactions is to avoid nested transactions because this can cause issues like performance degradation, unexpected results and database deadlocks. 

The Entity Framework (EF) provides a way to handle database migrations in a RESTful API using a feature called Code First Migrations. Code First Migrations allow you to evolve your database schema over time without having to rebuild the database from scratch every time you change. This is done by tracking changes to the model classes and generating the necessary SQL scripts to update the database schema accordingly. 

• The basic process of using Code First Migrations in a RESTful API is as follows: 
• You create an initial set of model classes that define the structure of the database. 
• To enable Code First migrations, run the Enable-Migrations command in the Package Manager console. This creates a new Migrations folder in the project and adds a file called Configuration.cs to it. 
• As you make changes to model classes over time, you run the Add-Migration command to create a new migration file. The migration file contains SQL scripts to update the database schema to reflect the changes in the model classes. 
• After creating the migration file, run the Update-Database command to apply the changes to the database. 
• When deploying the updated code to production, you must use a new migration and then update the database with Update-Database. 

Example of how you can create a new migration and update a database in a RESTful API using Entity Framework: 

[Route("api/[controller]")] 
public class MigrationController : Controller 
{ 
private readonly MyDbContext _context; 
public MigrationController(MyDbContext context) 
{ 
_context = context; 
} 
[HttpPost("create")] 
public IActionResult CreateMigration([FromBody] string migrationName) 
{ 
var currentMigrations = _context.Database.GetMigrations(); 
if (currentMigrations.Contains(migrationName)) 
{ 
return BadRequest("A migration with the same name already exists."); 
} 
var migration = _context.Database.CreateMigration(migrationName); 
if (migration == null) 
{ 
return StatusCode(500, "Failed to create migration"); 
} 
// Perform additional actions here, such as updating seed data 
// or calling other methods that also update the database 
return Ok(migration); 
} 
[HttpPost("update")] 
public IActionResult UpdateDatabase() 
{ 
var currentMigrations = _context.Database.GetMigrations(); 
var pendingMigrations = _context.Database.GetPendingMigrations(); 
if (!pendingMigrations.Any()) 
{ 
return BadRequest("There are no pending migrations to update."); 
} 
try 
{ 
_context.Database.Migrate(); 
return Ok(); 
} 
catch (Exception) 
{ 
return StatusCode(500, "Failed to update database"); 
} 
} 
} 

It has a RESTful API controller named MigrationController that handles creating and updating migrations. The CreateMigration action first uses the GetMigrations method from the database object of the context to check if a migration with the same name already exists. If it does, it returns a Bad Request status with a message indicating that a migration with the same name already exists. This is useful to avoid creating a migration with a name that already exists. Then it uses the CreateMigration method from the database object of the context to create a new migration with the given name. If the migration is successfully created it returns 200(OK) status and the migration object, otherwise it returns 500(Internal Server Error) and an error message. 

After that, additional actions are performed, such as updating seed data or calling other methods that also update the database. This allows the developer to perform additional tasks before committing the migration. The UpdateDatabase action first uses the GetPendingMigrations method from the database object of the context to check if there are any pending migrations to update. If there are no pending migrations it returns Bad Request status with a message indicating that there are no pending migrations to update. Then it updates the database by using the Migrate method and if the database is successfully updated it returns 200(OK) status, otherwise it returns 500(Internal Server Error) and an error message. 

Using the Entity Framework with GraphQL in a .NET application involves creating a GraphQL schema that maps the entities and relationships defined in the Entity Framework model. A schema can be created using the GraphQL.NET library, which provides a set of APIs and tools for creating GraphQL schemas and executing queries. 

• One approach to building a schema is to use the ObjectGraphType classes of the GraphQL.NET library, which correspond to the entities and relationships defined in the Entity Framework model. The properties and fields of the ObjectGraphType classes are then populated with data from the Entity Framework context using resolvers. 
• Another approach is to use a library like HotChocolate that can automatically generate a GraphQL schema from EF entities and DbSets. 
• Once a schema is defined, it can be used to handle GraphQL queries and mutations by creating a GraphQLController that uses the schema. The controller processes incoming GraphQL requests, performs queries and mutations, and returns the results to the client. 

Using Entity Framework with GraphQL in a .NET application provides several benefits: 

• Flexible and powerful querying: GraphQL allows clients to specify exactly the data they need in their queries, so the server doesn't have to return all the data for each endpoint. The result is less data sent over the wire, reducing the amount of unnecessary data sent to clients. 
• Strongly Typed Schema: The GraphQL schema serves as a contract between the client and the server, and using EF, the schema is strongly typed and it is easy to validate the request and respond to the client with accurate errors. 
• Faster Development: With EF, we can take advantage of automated database creation and entity mapping to the GraphQL schema, reducing the amount of boilerplate code that needs to be written. 

Using test data in EF Core during continuous deployment is an important aspect of ensuring that the application behaves correctly in different environments. There are several ways to achieve this, but one common approach is to use data seeding. 

Data seeding is the process of inserting test data into the database when the application starts up. This allows the developer to have a known set of data to work with during testing, and it ensures that the application behaves correctly even if the data in the production database changes. 

• One way to implement data seeding in EF Core is to use the OnModelCreating method in the DbContext class. This method is called when the model is being created, and it can be used to insert test data into the database. The developer can add the data seeding code in this method, and it will be executed every time the application starts up. 
• Another way to implement data seeding in EF Core is to use the HasData method in the OnModelCreating method. This method allows the developer to insert test data directly into the database without having to create entities or use the context. This can be useful when the data is simple and doesn't require any validation or processing. 
• Additionally, it's possible to use a tool such as dotnet-ef-dbcontext-seed package which allows to seed data with a single command, which can be integrated into the continuous deployment pipeline, so that the seed data is automatically inserted into the database every time the application is deployed. 

DbContext and ObjectContext are two different classes provided by Entity Framework (EF) for database interaction. 

DbContext is a simplified version of ObjectContext, introduced in EF 4.1. It is designed to be easy to use and intended for most common scenarios. DbContext provides a simpler and more intuitive API for working with databases. It provides a simpler way to interact with the database and hides some of the complexity of ObjectContext. 

ObjectContext, on the other hand, is a more powerful and flexible class that provides a more advanced API for working with the database. It provides more functionality and options than DbContext and gives developers more control over database interaction.

Entity Framework (EF) handles the loading of related entities through two mechanisms: lazy loading and eager loading. 

Lazy loading is a technique where EF loads related entities only when they are accessed. This means that if a parent entity has a collection of child entities, the child entities will not be loaded from the database until they are explicitly accessed through the parent entity. For example, if you have a "Customer" entity that has a collection of "Orders", the orders will not be loaded from the database until you access the "Orders" property of the customer. Lazy loading is enabled by default in EF, but it can be turned off at the DbContext or ObjectContext level. 

Eager loading, on the other hand, is a technique where EF loads related entities along with the parent entity in a single query. This means that if you query a "Customer" entity, the related "Orders" entities will also be loaded and returned with the customer in a single query. Eager loading is done using the Include() method of the DbSet or ObjectSet. 

Entity Framework (EF) is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework that allows developers to work with relational data using domain-specific objects. The main features of EF include: 

• Automatic mapping between database tables and objects in code 
• Providing a simplified API for working with the database 
• Handling database connections and transactions 
• Providing support for lazy and eager loading of related entities 
• Providing support for change tracking and caching 

An ADO.NET data provider is a set of classes that provide a bridge between an application and a database. It is responsible for managing database connections, executing commands and returning results. Entity Framework sits on top of the ADO.NET data provider and provides a higher level of abstraction for working with the database. It maps objects in the application to tables in the database and provides a simpler API for working with data.

The Code First approach in EF involves creating domain classes and then using those classes to generate the database schema. This approach is useful when you have an existing set of classes and want to create a database to store the data. The Database First approach in EF involves first creating a database schema and then generating domain classes based on the schema. This approach is useful when you have an existing database and want to create classes that match the schema.

Entity Framework manages database connections and transactions through the DbContext or ObjectContext class. When you instantiate a DbContext or ObjectContext, a database connection is opened. The connection is automatically closed when the context is disposed. Entity Framework also provides support for transactions, allowing you to perform multiple operations within a single transaction.

It's no surprise that this one pops up often in EF core interview questions.  

Entity Framework handles lazy loading and eager loading of related entities through virtual navigation properties. Lazy loading is enabled by default in EF, which means that related entities are only loaded when they are accessed. Eager loading, on the other hand, is done using the Include() method of a DbSet or ObjectSet. This retrieves the related entities and the parent entity in a single query.

Entity Framework maps objects to database tables using the DbContext or ObjectContext class and its associated DbSet or ObjectSet classes. Each DbSet or ObjectSet class represents a table in the database and maps to a corresponding class in the domain model. Entity Framework uses a set of conventions to automatically map properties of domain classes to the columns of the corresponding table in the database.

Entity Framework resolves concurrency conflicts using an optimistic concurrency model. This means that when a user tries to update an entity, the framework checks to see if the entity has been modified since it was last loaded. If the entity has been changed, an exception is thrown and the update is not applied.

The Entity Framework (EF) provides several ways to query and retrieve data from a database. These include: 

• LINQ to Entities: This is a powerful query mechanism that allows you to write queries using LINQ-like syntax. You can use LINQ to Entities to query data from a database using various operators such as where, select, orderby and many more. Queries are executed against the database and results are returned as strongly typed entities. 
• Entity SQL: This is a query language that is similar to SQL. You can use SQL entities to query data from a database using SQL-like syntax. Queries are performed on the database and the results are returned as an ObjectQuery or ObjectSet. 
• Stored Procedures: You can use stored procedures to perform CRUD operations on the database. Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements that are executed in the database. EF provides several ways to call stored procedures and map their results to entities. 
• Asynchronous Method: Entity Framework also provides an asynchronous way to execute a query. You can use the asynchronous and await keywords to perform a database operation asynchronously. The async method returns an IAsyncEnumerable that can be used to iterate through the result set as it arrives. 
• Compiled queries: If you run the same query multiple times with different parameters, it may be beneficial to compile the query. Compiling a query allows Entity Framework to create a reusable execution plan for the query, which can lead to better performance. 
• Caching: Entity Framework allows you to cache the results of a query so that the same query does not have to be executed multiple times. EF provides several caching mechanisms, such as query result caching and stored procedure result caching. 
• Dynamic proxies: Entity Framework can create dynamic proxies for your entities. These proxies derive from your entity classes and can be used to perform lazy loading and change tracking. 
• Paging: When the result set is large, it is not practical to retrieve all the data in a single query, in such situations we can use paging. EF allows you to load a certain number of records at once, which makes it possible to work with large result sets.

In Entity Framework (EF), the properties of an entity class can be categorized into two types: scalar properties and navigation properties.

Scalar properties are the basic properties of an entity class that represent the columns of the corresponding table in the database. These properties hold simple values such as strings, integers, and dates. For example, a "Customer" entity class might have scalar properties like "Id", "Name", "Email", "PhoneNumber", etc. Scalar properties are used to represent the simple data that is stored in a table.

Navigation properties, on the other hand, are used to represent relationships between entities. They are used to navigate from one entity to another related entity. Navigation properties are implemented as object references, and they allow you to navigate from one entity to another related entity. For example, a "Customer" entity class might have a navigation property named "Orders" that references a collection of "Order" entities. Navigation properties are used to represent the relationships between entities.

There are two types of navigation properties:

• Single-valued navigation properties: It represents a single entity on the other side of the relationship. For example, a "Customer" entity class might have a single-valued navigation property named "PrimaryAddress" that references a single "Address" entity.
• Collection-valued navigation properties: It represents multiple entities on the other side of the relationship. For example, a "Customer" entity class might have a collection-valued navigation property named "Orders" that references a collection of "Order" entities.

One of the important features of navigation properties is Lazy loading, which is enabled by default in EF. Lazy loading is a technique where related entities are loaded only when they are accessed. This means that if a parent entity has a collection of child entities, the child entities will not be loaded from the database until they are explicitly accessed through the parent entity.

For example, If you have a "Customer" entity that has a collection of "Orders", the orders will not be loaded from the database until you access the "Orders" property of the customer. Lazy loading can be turned off at the DbContext or ObjectContext level. This can be useful when you want to control when related entities are loaded and improve performance.

On the other hand, Eager loading is a technique where related entities are loaded along with the parent entity in a single query. This means that if you query a "Customer" entity, the related "Orders" entities will also be loaded and returned with the customer in a single query. Eager loading is done using the Include() method of the DbSet or ObjectSet.

The DbConfiguration class in the Entity Framework provides a way to configure the database provider and connection string for a context. This class allows you to specify the database provider and connection string to use, as well as other settings such as the default schema, slow loading behavior, and caching options. 

To use the DbConfiguration class, you must create a new class that inherits from DbConfiguration and override the OnModelCreating method to configure the model. You must also specify the DbConfiguration class for the context to use, using the DbConfigurationType attribute on the context class or by calling the DbConfiguration.SetConfiguration method in the application startup code. 

Example of how to use the DbConfiguration class to configure the MySQL database provider and connection string: 

public class MyDbConfiguration : DbConfiguration 
{ 
public Configuration MyDbConfiguration() 
{ 
SetProviderServices("MySql.Data.MySqlClient", new MySqlProviderServices()); 
SetProviderFactory("MySql.Data.MySqlClient", MySqlClientFactory.Instance); 
SetDefaultConnectionFactory(new MySqlConnectionFactory()); 
} 
} 
[DbConfigurationType(typeof(MyDbConfiguration))] 
public class MyDbContext : DbContext 
{ 
public MyDbContext() : base("MyDbConnection") { } 
public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; } 
public DbSet<Category> Categories { get; set; } 
} 

In this example, the MyDbConfiguration class derives from DbConfiguration and is used to configure the MySQL database provider, connection factory, and services. The MyDbContext class is decorated with the DbConfigurationType attribute, which specifies that MyDbConfiguration is the configuration class to use. 

In addition, you can also use the DbConfiguration class to configure other settings such as the default schema, lazy loading behavior, and caching options. For example, you can use the SetDatabaseInitializer method to specify a custom database initializer to use in a context, or you can use the SetDefaultSchema method to specify the default schema for a context., you can also use the app.config or web.config file to configure the DbConfiguration class. This can be useful if you want to keep configuration settings separate from your code and allow easy changes without having to recompile your application. 

To configure the DbConfiguration class in a configuration file, you must add an entityFramework section to the configuration file and then specify the defaultConnectionFactory, providers, and contexts elements. 

Developing a model that represents the entities and relationships in a domain is a crucial step in building a well-designed application. The model defines the structure of the data that the application will work with and the relationships between the entities. The process of creating a model typically involves the following steps: 

• Identify the entities: The first step in developing a model is to identify the entities that make up the domain. An entity is a distinct object or concept that is relevant to the domain and has a unique identity. For example, in an e-commerce application, entities might include customers, orders, products, and categories. 
•  Define the properties of the entities: Once the entities have been identified, the next step is to define the properties of each entity. Properties are the characteristics or attributes of an entity that describe its state. For example, a customer entity might have properties such as name, email, and address. 
• Validation: Once the model is set up, it's important to implement validation to ensure that the data in the model is consistent and conforms to the business rules. You can use data annotation attributes like [Required], [MaxLength(50)], or [Range(0,5)] to set validation rules for the fields, and you can also implement custom validation logic in the classes. 
• Querying: With the model in place, the next step is to implement querying. ORM frameworks like Entity Framework Core provide a rich querying API that allows you to retrieve data from the database using LINQ. You can also use the API to filter, sort, and paginate the data. 
• Concurrency control: Concurrency control is the mechanism that ensures that multiple users can access the data in the model without interfering with each other. EF Core provides several options for concurrency control such as optimistic concurrency, pessimistic concurrency, and snapshot isolation. 
• Define the relationships between the entities: After defining the properties of the entities, the next step is to define the relationships between the entities. Relationships are the connections or associations between entities. For example, a customer entity might have a one-to-many relationship with an order entity, indicating that a customer can have multiple orders. 
• Choose an ORM framework: After defining the entities, properties, and relationships, the next step is to choose an ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) framework. ORM frameworks such as Entity Framework Core, NHibernate, or Dapper allow you to interact with the database using objects in your application, instead of writing raw SQL queries. 
• Create the entity classes: With the ORM framework in place, you can create the entity classes that represent the entities in the domain. Each class should have properties that correspond to the properties of the entity and relationships to other entities. These classes will be used by the ORM framework to map the entities to the database.

Debug View Model Builder is a feature in EF Core that allows developers to view the model being created by the ModelBuilder class. A view provides a visual representation of entities and their relationships, as well as properties and their data types. To use the Model Builder debug view, you must first enable it in your application. You can do this by adding the following code to the After Start class of your ASP.NET Core application: 

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) 
{ 
... 
services.AddDbContext<MyDbContext>(options => 
{ 
options.UseLoggerFactory(MyLoggerFactory) 
.EnableSensitiveDataLogging() 
.EnableDetailedErrors(); 
}); 
... 
} 

This will enable verbose error and sensitive data logging capabilities in your DbContext that are needed to display the debug view in the Model Builder. 

Once the Model Builder debug view is enabled, you can access it by going to the /ef endpoint in your application. When you access the /ef endpoint, the view displays the entire model that is being built using ModelBuilder. You can see entities and their properties, as well as relationships between entities. The view also shows the data types of the properties, as well as whether the properties are nullable or required. Debug View Model Builder is a powerful tool for debugging and understanding the model that ModelBuilder creates. It can help you quickly identify any problems or errors in your model configuration, as well as help you understand how entities and relationships are defined. One of the main benefits of the Debug View Model Builder is that it allows developers to quickly understand the structure of the model and how it maps to the database. This can be especially useful when working with complex models or when trying to solve problems with the model.

Deploying EF Core migrations on a continuous deployment (CD) pipeline involves several steps that must be configured and executed in the correct order. The process can be broken down into the following steps: 

• Create the migrations: The first step is to create the migrations using the EF Core migrations command-line tools. This involves running the Add-Migration command to generate the migration files that define the changes to the database schema. The migration files should be committed to source control and included in the application's codebase. 
• Configure the CD pipeline: Once the migration files have been created, the next step is to configure the CD pipeline to handle the migrations. This typically involves creating a script or batch file that will execute the migrations on the target environment. The script should be included in the application's codebase and be configured to run as part of the CD pipeline. 
• Rollback: It's also important to have a rollback strategy in place in case of any issues with the migration. This can be done by creating a new migration that reverts the changes made in the previous migration. The rollback migration should be applied in the reverse order of the original migration. 
• Test the migrations: Before deploying the migrations to production, it's important to test them thoroughly. This can be done by creating a test environment that closely mimics the production environment and running the migrations on it. The test environment should be configured to use the same database provider and connection string as the production environment. 
• Deploy the migrations: Once the migrations have been tested and are ready to be deployed, the next step is to deploy them to the production environment. This typically involves executing the migration script on the production environment as part of the CD pipeline. The script should be configured to apply the migrations in the correct order, taking into account any dependencies between the migrations. 

One approach is to use a centralized database for all the microservices. This would allow for a single point of control for database schema changes and would make it easier to manage migrations. However, this approach can also lead to a single point of failure and can make it harder to scale the system. 

Another approach is to use a database per microservice. This would allow for more flexibility in terms of scaling and would make it easier to handle database schema changes. However, this approach can also make it harder to manage migrations and can lead to duplication of data. 

A third approach is to use a database per tenant. This would allow for more flexibility in terms of scaling and would make it easier to handle database schema changes. However, this approach can also make it harder to manage migrations and can lead to duplication of data. 

 Suppose you have a microservices architecture that has a large number of microservices and each microservice has its own database. To manage the database schema changes, you can use the EF Core migrations. Each microservice will have its own migrations, and the microservice will apply the migrations when it starts. You can also use a centralized database management system to handle the database schema changes for all microservices. This will allow you to have a single point of control for the database schema changes and will make it easier to manage migrations. 

EF Core and data migrations play an important role in multi-tenant applications, where multiple tenants share a single database but have separate data and separate schemas. Multi-tenant applications are typically used in scenarios such as Software as a Service (SaaS) applications, where a single instance of the software is used by multiple customers, each with their own data and configuration. 

In a multi-tenant application, EF Core can be used to manage the database schema and data for each tenant. EF Core makes it easy to manage the schema for each tenant by allowing you to define separate DbContext classes for each tenant, each with its own set of entities and relationships. For example, you might have a "Tenant1DbContext" that defines the entities and relationships specific to tenant 1, and a "Tenant2DbContext" that defines the entities and relationships specific to tenant 2. 

Data migrations are a key part of managing the database schema in EF Core. Data migrations allow you to evolve the database schema over time as your application changes, without losing any existing data. For example, you might use data migrations to add a new column to a table, or to change the data type of an existing column. Data migrations are typically performed by creating a new migration class, defining the changes you want to make to the database, and then running the appropriate EF Core command to apply the migration. 

In a multi-tenant application, data migrations can be run for each tenant separately, allowing you to evolve the database schema for each tenant as needed. For example, you might run a migration for tenant 1 to add a new column to one of its tables, and then run a different migration for tenant 2 to add a different column to one of its tables. This allows you to make separate changes to the database schema for each tenant, without affecting the data or schema of other tenants. 

To run data migrations for each tenant, you can create a separate migration class for each tenant, and then run the appropriate EF Core command to apply the migration. You can also use a tool such as the Package Manager Console in Visual Studio to automate the process of running migrations for each tenant. 

In addition to managing the database schema and data for each tenant, EF Core also provides support for multi-tenant database security. For example, you can use EF Core to manage database permissions for each tenant, ensuring that each tenant can only access its own data and cannot access the data of other tenants. This can be done by using EF Core's built-in support for database views and stored procedures, as well as by using security features such as database roles and permissions. 

An entity class in the Entity Framework is a class that represents an object in the domain model and maps to a database table. The entity class should have properties that correspond to the database table columns and be decorated with the [Table] attribute that specifies the name of the table in the database. 

example of an entity class: 

using System; 
using System.Collections.Generic; 
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; 
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations.Schema; 
public class Book 
{ 
// Primary key 
[Key] 
public int BookId { get; set; } 
// Required fields 
[Required] 
public string Title { get; set; } 
[Required] 
public string ISBN { get; set; } 
// Optional fields 
public string Description { get; set; } 
public decimal Price { get; set; } 
public int? Pages { get; set; } 
// Navigation properties 
public int AuthorId { get; set; } 
[ForeignKey("AuthorId")] 
public Author Author { get; set; } 
public int PublisherId { get; set; } 
[ForeignKey("PublisherId")] 
public Publisher Publisher { get; set; } 
public ICollection<BookCategory> BookCategories { get; set; } 
} 

The Book class is an entity class that represents a book in a database. The class has several properties such as BookId, Title, ISBN, Description, Price, Pages, AuthorId, Author, PublisherId and Publisher. The [Key] attribute is used to specify that the BookId property is the primary key for the entity.The [Required] attribute is used to specify that the Title and ISBN properties are required .The Description, Price, and Pages properties are optional fields .The [ForeignKey("AuthorId")] and [ForeignKey("PublisherId")] attributes are used to specify that these properties are foreign keys.The Author and Publisher properties are used to navigate the relationships.The ICollection<BookCategory> BookCategories property is used to represent the many-to-many relationship between Book and Category entities. 

EF Core allows you to use stored procedures to perform CRUD operations by using the FromSql and ExecuteSqlCommand methods. The main advantage of using stored procedures is that it allows you to encapsulate complex business logic within the database, which can improve the security and performance of the application.To use a stored procedure with EF Core, you will first need to create the stored procedure in the database, and then define an entity type that corresponds to the result of the stored procedure in your application. 

For example, let us say you have a stored procedure named usp_GetOrders that returns a list of orders, and you have an Order entity defined in your application: 

CREATE PROCEDURE usp_GetOrders 
AS 
BEGIN 
SELECT * FROM Orders 
END 

To execute the stored procedure and retrieve the results, you can use the FromSql method as follows: 

var orders = context.Orders 
.FromSqlRaw("EXEC usp_GetOrders") 
.ToList(); 

This will execute the stored procedure and retrieve the results, which can then be mapped to the Order entity. If you want to insert a new order into the database using a stored procedure: 

using (var context = new MyContext()) 
{ 
// Define the parameters for the stored procedure 
var orderId = 1; 
var customerId = 5; 
var orderDate = DateTime.Now; 
var totalAmount = 100; 
// Execute the stored procedure 
context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("EXEC usp_InsertOrder @p0, @p1, @p2, @p3", 
parameters: new[] { orderId, customerId, orderDate, totalAmount }); 
// Save the changes to the database 
context.SaveChanges(); 
} 

we're using the ExecuteSqlCommand method to execute the stored procedure usp_InsertOrder. The stored procedure takes four parameters: orderId, customerId, orderDate, and totalAmount, which are passed as an array of objects to the method.The ExecuteSqlCommand method is a non-query method, it doesn't return any results. It is used to execute the stored procedure that performs the insert operation and it is important to make sure that the stored procedure is correctly defined, otherwise, it will not be able to insert the data correctly. Also, we are calling the SaveChanges method to persist the changes to the database. 

By using Linq, you can write complex join queries that retrieve data from multiple tables and aggregate the results. let's say you have two entities Product and Order and you want to join these entities to retrieve the total number of products sold and the total revenue. You can use the Join method along with the GroupBy method and Sum method to achieve this: 

using (var context = new MyContext()) 
{ 
var results = context.Products 
.Join(context.Orders, 
p => p.Id, 
o => o.ProductId, 
(p, o) => new { Product = p, Order = o }) 
.GroupBy(x => x.Product.Name) 
.Select(g => new 
{ 
ProductName = g.Key, 
TotalQuantity = g.Sum(x => x.Order.Quantity), 
TotalRevenue = g.Sum(x => x.Order.Quantity * x.Product.Price) 
}); 
} 

This query performs a join between the Product and Order entities, groups the results by Product.Name, and calculates the total quantity sold and total revenue for each product. Let us say you have three entities Product, Order and Customer and you want to join these entities to retrieve the total revenue of each customer. You can use the Join method along with the GroupBy method and Sum method to achieve this: 

 using (var context = new MyContext()) 
{ 
var results = context.Customers 
.Join(context.Orders, 
c => c.Id, 
o => o.CustomerId, 
(c, o) => new { Customer = c, Order = o }) 
.Join(context.Products, 
o => o.Order.ProductId, 
p => p.Id, 
(o, p) => new { o.Customer, Product = p, Order = o.Order }) 
.GroupBy(x => x.Customer.Name) 
.Select(g => new 
{ 
CustomerName = g.Key, 
TotalRevenue = g.Sum(x => x.Order.Quantity * x.Product.Price) }); } 

This query performs a join between the `Customer`, `Order` and `Product` entities, groups the results by `Customer.Name`, and calculates the total revenue for each customer when using complex joins, the resulting query can be difficult to read and understand, especially when working with multiple joins and aggregations. 

EF Core migrations can be rolled back using the command dotnet ef database update [PreviousMigrationName] . This command will roll back the database to the state it was in after the specified migration was applied. It can be added to a script that is executed as part of the deployment process in case of a rollback is needed.

• Steps to deploy

One approach is to use a manual approval step before running the migrations. This would allow for a review of the changes before they are applied to the production database. This approach can be useful when working with a small team and infrequent releases.

Another approach is to use feature flags to toggle the migrations on and off. This would allow you to roll back the migrations by simply disabling the feature flag. This approach can be useful when working with a large team and frequent releases.

A third approach is to use a canary deployment strategy. This would involve deploying the migrations to a small subset of the production environment first, and then monitoring the performance and impact of the changes. If everything looks good, you can then deploy the migrations to the rest of the production environment. This approach can be useful when working with a large team and frequent releases, and it allows for testing the migrations in a controlled environment.

Finally, you can also use a versioning strategy for your migrations. This will allow you to keep track of the migrations that have been applied to your database and to roll back to a specific version if needed. This approach can be useful when working with a large team and frequent releases, and it provides a clear and easy way to rollback migrations.