SDLC Interview Questions and Answers for 2025

Documenting the results of the testing phase is an important part of the software development lifecycle (SDLC) as it helps to ensure that the testing process is thoroughly documented and that any issues or defects that are discovered are properly tracked and addressed. Here are several ways to document the results of the testing phase: 

• Test cases: Test cases should be developed and used to document the testing process. A test case should include a description of the test scenario, the expected results, and the actual results. This will help to ensure that the testing process is thoroughly documented and that any issues or defects that are discovered are properly tracked. 
• Test plan: A test plan should be created to document the testing process and to outline the testing approach that will be used. The test plan should include the test cases, the testing schedule, the testing environment, and the testing resources that will be used. 
• Test reports: Test reports should be generated to document the results of the testing phase. Test reports should include a summary of the testing process, the test cases that were executed, the results of the testing, and any issues or defects that were discovered. Test reports should be made available to the development team and other stakeholders. 
• Defect tracking: A defect tracking system should be used to document and track any issues or defects that are discovered during the testing phase. The system should allow for the recording of detailed information about the defect, such as its severity, priority, and status. This will help to ensure that all issues and defects are properly tracked and addressed. 

Collaboration tools: Collaboration tools such as issue trackers and project management software can be used to document and track the progress of the testing phase, and to share the results with the development team and other stakeholders. 

A design document is a written document that describes the design of a product, system, or process. It typically includes information such as the product's goals and objectives, a detailed description of its functionality, information about the target audience, and any constraints or limitations on the design. Design documents are used to communicate the design of a product or system to stakeholders, such as developers, project managers, and clients, and to serve as a blueprint for the development and implementation of the product or system.

A maintenance plan is a document that outlines the procedures and schedules for maintaining and updating a product, system, or piece of equipment. The purpose of a maintenance plan is to ensure that the product, system, or equipment is operating efficiently and effectively, and to prevent or minimize downtime due to problems or failures. 

A typical maintenance plan includes the following information: 

• Objectives and goals: A statement of the overall objectives and goals of the maintenance plan, such as increasing the equipment's lifespan, reducing downtime, or improving performance. 
• Responsibilities: A list of the individuals or teams responsible for carrying out the maintenance plan and their roles and responsibilities. 
• Schedules: A schedule of when the maintenance activities will be performed, such as daily, weekly, monthly, or annually. 
• Procedures: Detailed procedures for performing the maintenance activities, including instructions for troubleshooting, and resolving problems. 
• Maintenance history: A record of past maintenance activities and any problems that were encountered and resolved. 
• Parts and materials: A list of the parts and materials needed to perform the maintenance activities, including any special tools or equipment. 
• Safety and security measures: Information on safety and security measures to be taken during the maintenance activities, including precautions and procedures to protect the equipment and personnel. 
• Compliance and regulations: Information on any legal or regulatory compliance requirements that must be met during the maintenance activities. 

A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides a clear and concise statement of the project's objectives and stakeholders. The purpose of a project charter is to define the project's scope, objectives, and stakeholders, and to provide a framework for decision-making and problem-solving throughout the project. 

A typical project charter includes the following information: 

• Project name and description: A brief statement that describes the project and its objectives. 
• Project manager: The name of the person responsible for leading and managing the project. 
• Project sponsor: The name of the person or organization that is funding or sponsoring the project. 
• Project team: A list of the individuals or teams who will be working on the project and their roles and responsibilities. 
• Project scope: A clear and concise statement of what the project will deliver and what is outside the scope of the project. 
• Project objectives: A list of the specific goals and objectives that the project is intended to achieve. 
• Project deliverables: A list of the tangible and intangible products or services that will be delivered as a result of the project. 
• Project timeline: A schedule of the major milestones and deadlines for the project, including the start and end dates. 
• Project budget: An estimate of the total cost of the project and the sources of funding. 
• Project risks: A list of the potential risks and issues that could affect the project, and a plan for managing them. 
• Approval and authorization: The names of the individuals or organizations that have approved and authorized the project charter

A project schedule is a document that outlines the specific tasks, milestones, and deadlines for a project. The purpose of a project schedule is to provide a clear and detailed plan for the project's execution and to help manage the project's resources and timelines. 

A typical project schedule includes the following information: 

• Tasks: A list of the specific tasks that need to be completed for the project, including their descriptions, duration, and dependencies. 
• Milestones: A list of the major milestones for the project, including their descriptions, dates, and completion criteria. 
• Deadlines: A list of the specific deadlines for the completion of the project's tasks and milestones. 
• Resources: A list of the resources that will be needed for the project, such as personnel, equipment, and materials. 
• Budget: An estimate of the project's total cost and the resources allocated for each task. 
• Dependencies: A list of the dependencies between tasks, such as which tasks must be completed before others can begin. 
• Risks: A list of the potential risks and issues that could affect the project, and a plan for managing them. 
• Gantt chart: A visual representation of the project schedule, showing the duration and dependencies of the tasks and milestones. 
• Resource allocation: A summary of how much time and resources are allocated to each task and milestone. 

A project manager and a product manager are both responsible for the development and success of a product or project, but they have different roles, responsibilities, and perspectives. 

A project manager is responsible for the planning, execution, and closing of a specific project. They are typically focused on the technical aspects of a project, such as the budget, timelines, and resources, and they work to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of the stakeholders. They are accountable for the successful delivery of the project and they make sure that the project is aligned with the company's goals and objectives. 

A product manager, on the other hand, is responsible for the overall success of a product or product line. They are typically focused on the strategic aspects of a product, such as identifying customer needs, developing the product vision and strategy, and creating the product roadmap. They are responsible for the product's profit and loss, and for ensuring that the product is aligned with the company's goals and objectives. They make sure that the product meets the customer's needs and that it is competitive in the market.

 A project budget is a document that outlines the financial resources that are required to complete a project, including the costs of labor, materials, equipment, and other expenses. The purpose of a project budget is to provide a clear and detailed plan for the project's financial management and to help ensure that the project is completed within the allocated financial resources. 

A typical project budget includes the following information: 

• Project costs: A detailed breakdown of the costs associated with the project, including labor, materials, equipment, and other expenses. 
• Revenue: A forecast of the revenue that will be generated by the project, if any. 
• Funding sources: A list of the sources of funding for the project, such as grants, investments, or loans. 
• Contingency funds: An allocation of funds to cover unexpected expenses or cost overruns. 
• Project timeline: A schedule of the major milestones and deadlines for the project, including the start and end dates. 
• Resource allocation: A summary of how much time and resources are allocated to each task and milestone. 
• Budget monitoring: A plan for monitoring the project's budget throughout its lifecycle, including regular budget reviews and variance analysis. 

A project status report is a document that provides a summary of the current status, progress, and issues of a project. The purpose of a project status report is to keep all stakeholders informed about the project's progress and any issues that may arise, and it helps the project manager to identify and solve any problems that may occur. 

A typical project status report includes the following information: 

• Project summary: A brief overview of the project's objectives, scope, and progress to date. 
• Completed tasks: A list of the tasks that have been completed since the last report, along with their completion dates. 
• Ongoing tasks: A list of the tasks that are currently in progress and their expected completion dates. 
• Upcoming tasks: A list of the tasks that are planned to be worked on in the next reporting period. 
• Issues and risks: A list of any issues or risks that have arisen since the last report, along with the actions being taken to address them. 
• Budget and resource usage: A summary of the project's budget and resource usage, including any variances from the original plan and the reasons for them. 
• Next steps: A list of the next steps for the project, including any upcoming deliverables or milestones. 
• Attachments: Any relevant documents or attachments that support the information in the report, such as meeting minutes or updated schedules. 

A project closure report is a document that summarizes the overall performance of a project, including its objectives, results, and lessons learned. The purpose of a project closure report is to formally document the completion of the project and to provide insight into the project's successes and failures. This report helps to ensure that the knowledge and experience gained from the project are captured and can be used to improve future projects. 

A typical project closure report includes the following information: 

• Project summary: A brief overview of the project's objectives, scope, and results. 
• Final deliverables: A list of the final deliverables that were produced as part of the project, including any documentation, products, or services. 
• Performance metrics: A summary of the project's performance metrics, such as budget and schedule performance, and how they compare to the project's original plan. 
• Issues and risks: A summary of any issues or risks that arose during the project and how they were addressed. 
• Lessons learned: A summary of the lessons learned during the project, including any best practices or recommendations for future projects. 
• Project closure actions: A list of the actions that were taken to close the project, such as transferring ownership of the final deliverables to the customer and releasing project resources. 
• Recommendations: Recommendations for future projects, such as process improvements, additional training, or new tools that could be implemented. 

A project manager plays a crucial role in the software development life cycle (SDLC) both by leading and coordinating the project team to ensure that the project is completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of the customer and stakeholders. The specific responsibilities of a project manager in the SDLC can vary depending on the specific methodologies and frameworks being used, but some of the key responsibilities include: 

• Planning: The project manager is responsible for creating a detailed project plan that includes the project's objectives, scope, timeline, budget, and resources. This plan is used to guide the project team throughout the SDLC. 
• Execution: The project manager is responsible for overseeing the execution of the project, including the allocation of resources, the coordination of tasks, and the tracking of progress. They also ensure that the project team is following the project plan and addressing any issues that arise. 
• Monitoring and controlling: The project manager is responsible for monitoring the project's progress and controlling any variances from the project plan. They use project management tools such as Gantt charts, timelines, and risk management plans to track the project's progress and make adjustments as necessary. 
• Communication: The project manager is responsible for communicating with stakeholders, including the project team, the customer, and other stakeholders, to ensure that they are informed of the project's progress and any issues that arise. 
• Closure: The project manager is responsible for formally closing the project and documenting the final results, including any lessons learned and best practices. They also ensure that the final deliverables are handed over to the customer and that the project team is disbanded in an orderly manner. 

The project manager plays a vital role in the SDLC by leading the project team, coordinating the various phases of the SDLC, and ensuring that the project is completed successfully and on time. They are also responsible for ensuring that the project is in alignment with the overall goals and objectives of the organization. 

There are several best practices that can be followed to ensure the success of the software development life cycle (SDLC): 

• Define clear and measurable goals: Define clear, measurable, and attainable goals for the project to ensure that the project team has a clear understanding of the requirement and is aligned on what is expected. 
• Use a structured approach: Using a structured software development methodology such as Waterfall, Agile, Scrum, or DevOps based on the project need and requirement can help ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget. 
• Communicate effectively: good communication is key to the success of any project. Regular and clear communication with the project team, stakeholders, and customers to ensure that everyone is informed of the project's progress and any issues that arise. 
• Plan and manage resources effectively: Plan and manage the project's resources, including personnel, equipment, and materials, to ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget. 
• Monitor and control the project's progress: Regularly monitor the project's progress and make adjustments as needed to ensure that the project stays on track.  
• Test and validate the software: Testing the software to ensure that it meets the customer expectations and fulfills all the requirements listed out by the customer. 
• Continuously improve: Continuously improve the SDLC process by collecting feedback, analyzing data, and implementing changes to improve efficiency and effectiveness. 
• Follow industry standards: Follow industry standards and best practices to ensure that the software is of high quality and compatible with other systems and platforms. 

By following these best practices, organizations can ensure that their software development projects are completed on time, within budget, and to the satisfaction of all stakeholders.

In this type of question used your personal experience by giving an example of one of your projects. An example to answer this question is below: 

Supercell used an Agile approach, specifically Scrum, to develop the game. The development team was divided into small, cross-functional teams, and each team was responsible for a specific aspect of the game such as art, design, and programming. The team used a Scrum framework, which included sprints, daily stand-up meetings, and a retrospective meeting at the end of each sprint. This allowed the team to quickly adapt to changes and deliver a working product increment at the end of each sprint. 

In addition, Supercell had a strong focus on customer feedback and used it to improve the game throughout the development process. The team was constantly testing the game and gathering feedback from players, and this feedback was used to identify areas for improvement and make changes to the game. 

The result of the Agile approach was that Supercell was able to quickly develop and release "Clash of Clans" in a short period of time, and the game quickly became a huge success, grossing over $1 billion in revenue. The Agile approach allowed the team to quickly adapt to changes and deliver a high-quality product that met the needs of the customers

Documenting the results of the testing phase is an important part of the software development life-cycle (SDLC) as it helps to ensure that the issues in software are properly documented with necessary descriptions and scenarios that will help the development team to fix the issues and also help to keep track of the status of the testing phase. Here are several ways to document the results of the testing phase: 

• Test cases: Test cases should be developed and used to document the testing process for each functionality/module. A test case should include a description of the test scenario, what are the expected results, and the actual results. This will help to ensure that the testing process is thoroughly documented and list down variations in the expected and actual results. 
• Test plan: A test plan should be created to document the testing process and to outline the testing approach that will be used. The test plan should include the test cases, the testing schedule, the testing environment, and the testing resources that will be used. 
• Test reports: Test reports should be generated to document the results of the testing phase. Test reports should include a summary of the testing process, the test cases that were executed, the results of the testing, and any issues or defects that were discovered. Test reports should be made available to the development team and other stakeholders. 
• Defect tracking: A defect tracking system should be used to document and track any issues or defects that are discovered during the testing phase. The system should allow for the recording of detailed information about the defect, such as its severity, priority, and status. This will help to ensure that all issues and defects are properly tracked and addressed. 

Ensuring that software is ready for deployment at the end of the software development life-cycle (SDLC) process is a critical step to ensure the success of the project. Here are several ways to ensure that software is ready for deployment:

• Complete testing: Along with unit testing software should also be thoroughly tested end to end using integration testing to ensure that the applications work for every possible scenario.
• Perform final quality assurance: A final quality assurance (QA) check should be performed before deployment to ensure that the software meets the required quality standards. This includes verifying that the software meets the requirements, that it is free of defects, and that it is stable and reliable, this also includes load testing, performance testing etc.
• Create a deployment plan: A deployment plan should be created to document the steps that will be taken to deploy the software. The plan should include details such as the software and hardware requirements of the server, deployment schedule, the resources that will be required, and the rollback plan in case of issues.
• Gather necessary resources: Gather all the necessary resources such as licenses, keys and accesses required for deployment.
• Perform a dry run: A dry run of the deployment process can be performed to ensure that everything is in order and that the deployment process runs smoothly. This will allow the team to identify and address any issues before the actual deployment.
• Train end-users: If necessary, train end-users on how to use the software and ensure that they have a clear understanding of the software's capabilities and limitations.

Document the deployment process: The deployment process should be thoroughly documented, including all the steps that were taken, the resources that were used, and the results of the deployment. This will be helpful for future reference and for troubleshooting.20) What is backlog in SDLC?

In software development, a backlog is a prioritized list of tasks or features that need to be completed as part of a project. It is a collection of items, such as user stories, bugs, or tasks, that the development team needs to work on. The backlog is usually maintained and prioritized by the product owner or project manager, and is used to guide the development team in their work.

Here are several ways to effectively manage and mitigate risks during the software development life cycle (SDLC): 

1. Identify risks early: Identify potential risks early in the SDLC, so that they can be addressed before they become major issues. 
2. Assess the likelihood and impact of risks: Assess the likelihood and impact of identified risks to prioritize which risks need to be addressed first. 
3. Develop a risk management plan: Develop a risk management plan that outlines the steps to be taken for mitigating or avoiding identified risks, the resources required, and the timeline for risk management. 
4. Implement preventive measures: Implement preventive measures to address risks before they occur, such as implementing security measures or creating a disaster recovery plan. 
5. Have a contingency plan: Have a contingency plan in place in case a risk occurs, this will help minimize the impact and allow the project to continue. 
6. Monitor and review risks: Monitor and review risks throughout the SDLC and update the risk management plan, as necessary. 
7. Communicate with stakeholders: Communicate with stakeholders about identified risks and the steps being taken to address them and seek feedback to improve the risk management process. 
8. Continuously improve: Continuously improve the risk management process by learning from past experiences and incorporating best practices. 

Yes, I can describe a situation where I had to work with a remote team during the SDLC. The project was a web application development project, and the team was distributed across different time zones and locations. We used project management tools such as Trello and Asana to keep track of the tasks and progress. We also used communication tools like Slack and Zoom for daily standup meetings and regular check-ins. We had to ensure that everyone was on the same page, and that there was clear communication of the goals and expectations. Additionally, we had to be mindful of the time zone differences and schedule meetings and deadlines accordingly. Overall, it was a challenging but rewarding experience, and it taught me the importance of clear communication and organization in managing a remote team.

Yes, I can provide an example of a project where I had to implement a disaster recovery plan. The project was an enterprise-level software system for a financial services company. The system was critical to the company's operations, and it needed to be available 24/7. We implemented a disaster recovery plan to ensure that the system could be quickly restored in the event of a disaster such as a natural disaster, power outage, or cyber-attack. 

1. The disaster recovery plan included several key elements: 
2. Data backup: We set up regular backups of the system's data to ensure that it can be quickly restored in the event of data loss. 
3. Cloud-based disaster recovery: We implemented cloud-based disaster recovery solutions to ensure that the system could be quickly restored in the event of a disaster at the primary data center. 
4. Redundancy: We implemented redundancy for key components of the system, such as servers and networking equipment, to minimize the impact of equipment failure. 
5. Testing: We regularly tested the disaster recovery plan to ensure that it was effective and that all team members knew how to implement it. 
6. Incident response: We developed an incident response plan outlining the steps that needed to be taken in the event of a disaster to minimize the impact and restore the system as quickly as possible.

Yes, I can describe a situation where I had to balance competing priorities and meet tight deadlines during the SDLC. The project was a mobile app development project for a retail company. The app was meant to be launched for the holiday shopping season, and the deadline was very tight. 

To manage competing priorities, we used a prioritization matrix that helped us to identify the most important features of the app and allocate resources accordingly. This helped us to focus on the most important features and ensure that they were completed on time. 

We also used an agile development methodology, which allowed us to make adjustments to the project plan as needed and adapt to changing priorities. This allowed us to manage competing priorities and ensure that the most important features were completed on time. 

To meet tight deadlines, we broke down the project into smaller milestones and set intermediate deadlines for each milestone. This helped us to stay on track and ensure that the project was completed on time. Additionally, we closely monitored progress and made adjustments as needed to stay on schedule. 

Furthermore, we have a good communication and collaboration with all team members, we used communication and collaboration tools like Slack, Zoom and Microsoft Teams to ensure that all team members were aware of the project's status and any changes that were made. 

Overall, it was a challenging experience, but by using a prioritization matrix, an agile development methodology, breaking down the project into smaller milestones, closely monitoring progress, and good communication and collaboration, we were able to balance competing priorities and meet the tight deadline. 

A burn down chart is a graphical representation of the amount of work remaining in a project over time. It is typically used in agile software development methodologies such as Scrum to track the progress of a project and identify any potential issues or delays. 

The burn down chart typically has two axes: one for time (usually in days or weeks) and one for the remaining work (usually in story points or hours). The chart shows the remaining work over time, with a line that "burns down" as the work is completed. 

The chart can be used to track the progress of the project and identify any issues that may arise. For example, if the line on the chart is not burning down as quickly as expected, it may indicate that the team is falling behind schedule. Additionally, if the line on the chart is not following the expected trajectory, it may indicate that the team is not completing the work as expected. 

The burn down chart can also be used to identify trends and patterns in the team's performance, such as which days of the week the team is most productive, or which individuals are contributing the most to the project. This information can be used to improve the team's performance and increase the chances of project success. 

It is important to note that the burn down chart is a tool to track progress, it should be accompanied by other metrics and methodologies to have a clear view of the project status.

Expect to come across this popular question in SDLC interview questions for experienced.

1. Clear Communication: Agile development methodology relies on clear communication and transparency. It is important to keep all stakeholders informed about the project status, progress, and any changes that are made. This can be done through regular meetings such as sprint reviews, daily stand-ups, email updates, or project management tools like Jira, Asana, Trello. 
2. Stakeholder Involvement: Agile methodology encourages stakeholder involvement throughout the development process. This allows stakeholders to provide feedback and input, which can help to ensure that the final product meets their needs. This can be achieved through regular meetings, workshops, or other collaborative efforts. 
3. Prioritization: Agile development allows for changes and adjustments to be made throughout the development process. It is important to prioritize stakeholders' requests and incorporate them into the development plan. This can be done through a prioritization matrix, product backlogs, or other prioritization tools. 
4. Collaboration: Agile development is a collaborative process, and it is important for stakeholders to work closely with the development team to ensure that the final product meets their needs. This can be achieved through regular meetings, workshops, or other collaborative efforts. 
5. Adaptability: Agile development is an iterative process, and it is important to be adaptable and responsive to changes in requirements and priorities. It is important to have a plan in place to manage changes and ensure that they do not negatively impact the project schedule or scope. This can be achieved through regular retrospectives and continuous improvement efforts. 
6. Continuous feedback: Agile development process emphasizes continuous feedback and improvement. It is important to establish a system for gathering feedback from stakeholders and using it to improve the product. This can be done through user testing, surveys, or other feedback mechanisms. 

Overall, effective stakeholder communication and management in an Agile environment requires clear communication, stakeholder involvement, prioritization, collaboration, adaptability, and continuous feedback. The key to success is to keep stakeholders informed, involve them in the process, and respond to their needs and feedback throughout the project. 

In Agile development, competing priorities are handled through the use of a prioritization technique called "backlog grooming." This process involves regularly reviewing and re-ordering the items in the product backlog, which is a prioritized list of features and requirements for the project. The backlog grooming session is usually led by the Product Owner and attended by other members of the development team. During the session, items in the backlog are discussed and prioritized based on their business value, dependencies, and feasibility. By prioritizing the backlog in this way, the team can ensure that the most important and valuable items are addressed first, while also taking into account any constraints or dependencies that may impact the development of those items. Additionally, during the sprint, the team should have a daily meeting to discuss and resolve any competing priorities that arise.

Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) is a methodology for managing and executing large-scale software development projects using Agile principles. It is designed to help organizations implement Agile development at an enterprise level, by providing a framework and a set of best practices for coordinating and aligning the efforts of multiple teams working on a common project. 

SAFe is based on the principles of Agile development, such as iterative and incremental delivery, adaptive planning, and rapid and flexible response to change. It also includes elements of Lean development, such as an emphasis on value and flow, and a focus on continuous improvement. 

SAFe is organized around several key elements, including: 

• Program Increment (PI): A timeboxed period, typically 8-12 weeks, during which the team delivers a set of planned features and capabilities. 
• Program Board: A visual management tool that provides an overview of the PI and the progress of the various teams and components involved. 
• ART (Agile Release Train): A set of teams that work together on a common project, typically consisting of around 50-125 people. 
• Solution Train: A set of ARTs that work together to deliver a complete solution. 
• PI Planning: A time-boxed event, typically 2-3 days, during which the team plans the features and capabilities to be delivered during the next PI. 
• Backlog: A prioritized list of features and requirements for the project. 

SAFe is a flexible framework and can be tailored to the specific needs of an organization. It is widely used in many industries like banking, healthcare, retail, e-commerce, etc. 

Handling and managing technical debt in an Agile environment can be a bit challenging as Agile development methodologies focus on delivering working software quickly, rather than on long-term code maintainability. However, there are a few best practices that can help teams manage technical debt in an Agile environment: 

1. Prioritize technical debt: Identify the areas of the codebase that are causing the most issues and prioritize them for refactoring or re-writing. 
2. Track technical debt: Keep track of technical debt using tools like story points, task cards, or a technical debt backlog, so that it can be managed and addressed in a timely manner. 
3. Address technical debt during sprints: Make sure to allocate time during sprints for addressing technical debt and ensure that it is part of the team's definition of done. 
4. Use code reviews: Use code reviews as a way to identify and address technical debt early on, before it becomes a major issue. 
5. Use automated testing: Automated testing can help prevent the accumulation of technical debt by catching issues early on and making it easier to refactor or re-write code. 
6. Communicate with stakeholders: Technical debt can be a difficult concept to explain to stakeholders, so make sure to communicate the impact and importance of addressing it to them. 
7. Continuously monitor and improve: Continuously monitor and measure the level of technical debt and use that information to make decisions about where to focus refactoring efforts and to improve overall processes. 

High-level design (HLD) is a step in the software development process that follows the requirements gathering and analysis phase. It is used to create a detailed architectural blueprint of the system, including the components, interfaces, and relationships between them. 

The purpose of HLD is to provide a clear and comprehensive understanding of the system's architecture, so that the development team can begin to implement the solution. It also helps to identify any potential design or architectural issues that need to be addressed before the system is built. 

HLD typically includes: 

• Identifying the system's main components and their relationships. 
• Defining the interfaces between components. 
• Identifying the interactions between components and external systems. 
• Identifying the system's constraints, such as performance, scalability, and security requirements. 
• Identifying the non-functional requirements, such as performance, security, and scalability requirements. 
• Defining the system's overall architecture, including the design patterns and technologies to be used. 
• Identifying any third-party components or libraries that will be used. 

It is important to note that HLD is different from low-level design (LLD) which is more detailed and implementation-specific. HLD is a bird-eye view of the system, while LLD is more focused on the implementation details. 

The HLD is usually created by the technical lead, architect, or the senior developer, and it is reviewed by the stakeholders and the development team. It serves as the basis for the detailed design and implementation phases of the project. 

Low-level design (LLD) is a step in the software development process that follows the high-level design (HLD) phase. It is used to create a detailed blueprint of the system, including the specific algorithms, data structures, and interfaces that will be used to implement the solution. 

LLD is a more detailed representation of the system than HLD, and it is focused on the implementation details of the solution. It provides a clear understanding of how the system will be built, including the specific technologies and programming languages that will be used, as well as the data models, interfaces, and design patterns that will be employed. 

LLD typically includes: 

• Defining the specific algorithms and data structures that will be used to implement the system's functionality. 
• Defining the specific interfaces and protocols that will be used to communicate between components. 
• Defining the specific technologies and programming languages that will be used to implement the system. 
• Defining the data models and database schema. 
• Defining the design patterns and best practices that will be used to implement the system. 
• Defining the testing strategy and test cases for the system. 
• Defining the deployment and maintenance procedures for the system. 

LLD is usually created by the developers, and it is reviewed by the technical lead, architect, or the senior developer. It serves as the basis for the implementation and testing phases of the project. 

It is important to note that LLD is different from HLD, which is more high-level and architectural-focused. LLD is more focused on implementation details, while HLD is a bird-eye view of the system. 

The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework that describes the key elements of an effective software development process. It is used to evaluate the maturity of an organization's software development process and identify areas for improvement. The CMM framework defines five levels of maturity, each representing a different stage of process maturity: 

1. Initial (Level 1): The organization's software development process is ad-hoc and unstructured. There is little or no process in place, and the organization relies on the skills and experience of individual developers to deliver software. 
2. Managed (Level 2): The organization has established basic processes and procedures for software development, but they are not yet fully integrated into the organization's overall software development process. 
3. Defined (Level 3): The organization has a fully-documented and integrated software development process that is followed consistently across all projects. The organization also has an established set of metrics for measuring process performance. 
4. Quantitatively Managed (Level 4): The organization has a mature software development process that is continuously monitored and improved using quantitative data. The organization uses statistical process control techniques to identify and address process issues. 
5. Optimizing (Level 5): The organization's software development process is continuously improved through the use of quantitative data and a focus on process improvement. The organization is always looking for new ways to improve their software development process and increase its efficiency. 
6. It is important to note that reaching Level 5 is a long-term goal and organizations typically reach level 2 or 3. The CMM model can be used as a guide to evaluate the maturity of an organization's software development process and identify areas for improvement. 

Scrum is an Agile framework for managing and completing complex projects. It is a flexible, iterative, and incremental approach to software development that allows teams to deliver working software in a short period of time, typically two to four weeks, called a Sprint. 

Scrum is based on the following roles, events, and artifacts: 

Roles: 

• Product Owner: responsible for representing the stakeholders and setting priorities for the project. 
• Scrum Master: responsible for facilitating the Scrum process and removing any obstacles that may impede the team's progress. 
• Development Team: responsible for delivering working software at the end of each sprint. 

Events: 

• Sprint Planning: a time-boxed event where the team plans the work to be done in the upcoming sprint. 
• Daily Scrum: a daily 15-minute meeting where the team discusses their progress, obstacles, and plans for the day. 
• Sprint Review: a meeting where the team demonstrates the working software they have delivered during the sprint to the stakeholders and receives feedback. 
• Sprint Retrospective: a meeting where the team reflects on the previous sprint and identifies ways to improve the process for the next sprint. 

Artifacts: 

• Product Backlog: a prioritized list of features and requirements for the project. 
• Sprint Backlog: the work that the team commits to completing during the sprint. 
• Increment: the sum of all the completed product backlog items at the end of a sprint. 

Scrum's key features are: 

• Emphasizes delivering working software in short sprints. 
• Encourages self-organizing, cross-functional teams. 
• Allows for flexibility and adaptation to change. 
• Focuses on constant improvement through retrospectives. 
• Provides transparency, inspection, and adaptation for everyone involved in the project. 
• Scrum is widely used in software development, IT, marketing, healthcare, etc. It is a popular Agile methodology for managing complex projects and it is widely adopted in different industries. 

DDLC (Design-Driven Life Cycle) and SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) are both methodologies for developing software systems, but they approach the development process in different ways. 

SDLC is a structured, sequential process for developing software. It typically includes the following phases: 

• Requirements gathering and analysis 
• Design 
• Implementation (coding) 
• Testing 
• Deployment 
• Maintenance 

In SDLC, the design phase is separate from the implementation phase, and it is typically done before the implementation begins. The design is then used as a blueprint for the implementation process. 

On the other hand, DDLC puts more emphasis on the design process and it is considered as the first priority. It is a design-first approach, where the design is developed and validated before moving on to the implementation and testing phases. 

DDLC typically includes the following phases: 

• Discovery and definition 
• Design 
• Development 
• Deployment 
• Maintenance 

DDLC is a more flexible and iterative process than SDLC, where the design is continuously refined and validated through user feedback and testing. It allows for more flexibility and adaptability to changing requirements. 

In summary, SDLC is a traditional, sequential approach that separates design from development, while DDLC is a more modern, design-driven approach that emphasizes the design process and allows for more flexibility and adaptability. 

The Rapid Application Development (RAD) model is a software development methodology that emphasizes rapid prototyping and rapid delivery of working software. The goal of RAD is to speed up the development process by using pre-built components and tools, as well as iterative development cycles.

RAD typically includes the following phases:

• Requirements gathering and analysis: Identify the requirements and goals of the project.
• Prototyping: Create a working prototype of the system using pre-built components and tools.
• Design: Refine and finalize the design of the system based on feedback from the prototype.
• Implementation: Develop and integrate the final system using pre-built components and tools.
• Testing: Test the system to ensure that it meets the requirements and goals of the project.
• Deployment: Deploy the final system to the end users.
• Maintenance: Maintain and update the system as needed.

RAD is often used when time-to-market is a critical factor, and it is particularly well-suited for developing systems with well-understood requirements. It allows teams to quickly prototype and validate a solution with the customer and get feedback, so that they can iterate on the design and improve it as they go.

RAD's key features are:

• Emphasizes rapid delivery of working software.
• Allows for more flexibility and adaptability to change.
• Focuses on reusing pre-built components and tools.
• Provides faster time-to-market.
• Encourages customer involvement throughout the development process.

It is widely used in small projects, projects with well-defined requirements, and projects that require a quick delivery.