Top Software Testing Interview Questions and Answers for 2025

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Introduction

Functional testing assesses the features and functions of the software, covering a wide range of tests such as system, integration, regression and acceptance tests. Functional testing interview questions are an essential part of any software engineering job interview. Understanding and mastering the basics of functional testing is key to acing the interview and landing that dream job. Our QA module is distributed at different levels for beginners, intermediate & advanced experts alike.

This comprehensive guide covers topics from basic unit testing to more complex integration and system tests, as well as higher-level concepts such as test automation, software reliability, and performance metrics. By comprehending these fundamentals you will be able to better prepare yourself for your future interviews and have more confidence in yourself and your ability to ace them. With this comprehensive guide, you will be better equipped and ready to take on those technical interviews with ease.

Functional Testing Interview Questions and Answers for 2025

Beginner

1. What Do You Understand by the Term 'Functional Testing'?

Functional testing is a black box technique involving generating a desired outcome for a set of tests or functions being performed by referring to a Business Requirement document. It do give testers validation about the concerned software but also helps in minimizing the risk a particular software can render to its potential user base if launched without proper testing. The methodologies used for functional testing are smoke testing, component testing, integration testing, system testing, regression testing, user acceptance testing, usability testing etc.. Generally, functional testing is an amalgamation of the following steps:

Identification of test goals

Test goals of functional testing basically revolve around the features to be tested as a project. Typical testing goals for functional testing include seeking validation of whether an application is working perfectly fine or not as per the business requirement, how errors and defects are handled in the application, and how unexpected screen scenarios are dealt with by it.

Creation of plausible test scenarios

Test scenarios refer to the description given for a variety of functionalities and features that will be a part of the final release. Under functional testing, we jot down a list of all the plausible including the most important test scenarios for a particular feature or functionality. For example, for a project that deals with payments and finances, a list of test scenarios involving card details, managing cards and deleting expired or invalid cards, multiple currencies, and notification for successfully completed transactions and failed transactions, the remaining balance in the account, etc. needs to be displayed. So, these will account for the plausible as well as the most important test scenarios here.

Looking for test data or creating test data

The next step is about test data - either you can look for test data or create it. However, creating test data can be a little tricky. You need to simulate conditions of normal use that depend on the test scenarios. Later, you can enter data from any of the database files such as a CSV file, an Excel spreadsheet, an SQL database, or an XML file. You can also take the help of a data tool or script such as a flat file or something. Each of these sets of input values is in some way or the other associated with the expected output that the input will be generating or is likely to generate.

Designing test cases

Creating test cases based on outcomes of test inputs that are different from each other. For instance, in your payment application of yours, if you try to enter a credit card with irrelevant or expired credit card details, then an error message should be displayed on the screen.

Execution of test cases

The second last step is to execute all the test cases. Run them on your application and draw a comparison between the expected outcomes and actual results. If the gap is too wide, then the feature has miserably failed and it should be labeled as a defect or a fault.

Discuss, deliberate, and resolve the found defects or faults

Last but not least, you are supposed to work on the spotted defects or faults. Once you identify it, make sure that you record it somewhere where everyone on the team can track it. The necessary changes should be done to the application. Later, the test case should be executed once again to make sure that the defect is resolved completely.

2. What Does Functional Testing Generally Involve?

The process of functional testing generally involves a deep understanding of the documentation done in the form of test planning. It involves writing cases for tests along with their requisite resource specification (even for unforeseeable circumstances). It involves identifying lucrative inputs and scrutinizing the data that is to be entered to achieve the desired outcome for a particular test. As per the specified input values, it determines whether the software is working fine or not. And in case, it isn't, then the tester needs to do a proper root cause analysis followed by logging the bug and assigning them to be corrected. Once, the bugs are fixed by the team, the tester needs to retest and pass the test case.

3. How is Functional Testing Different from Non-functional Testing?

Functional testing is a black box technique involving generating a desired outcome for a set of tests or functions being performed. Non-functional testing, on the other hand, is a black box technique involving generating a desired outcome for a set of expectations laid out by the client. While functional testing can be easily performed via automation as well as manual testing tools, non-functional testing can only be carried out with tools that prove to be effective during functional testing. Manual testing is seamlessly performed when the features are being tested, as happens in functional testing. When it comes to nonfunctional testing, manual testing becomes a daunting task as reliability, scalability, and speed are the limited input parameters used. Functional testing involves techniques such as the integration testing technique, the regression testing technique, smoke testing technique, the system testing technique, the unit testing technique, the usability testing technique, and the user acceptance technique. On the other hand, non-functional testing involves techniques such as the compatibility testing technique, the load, stress, volume testing technique, the performance testing technique, and the security technique.

4. How Do You Write a Test Case in Functional Testing?

Writing test cases is of paramount importance when it comes to functional testing. Here, the use of both - writing skills, as well as in-depth software testing skills, is required. The language used for writing the test cases should be lucid. Apart from that, there should be a clear understanding of what the client needs to have on the screen. No assumptions should be made by the tester. Each doubt should be cleared. The input data should hold some value and should come with a wide scope. The test cases should feature any and every requirement. Nothing should be missed and nothing should be skipped. In order to do this, testers keep a traceability matrix for every requirement (especially the functional and the non-functional ones such as compatibility, UI, etc.) and record the progress made. On top of that, testers should not refrain from test cases. Apart from keeping redundancy at bay, high-priority cases should be taken into account first, followed by the medium-priority test cases and then the low-priority ones.

Focusing on the release, quality-based test cases can be made so that it becomes seamless for the developer and the tester to analyze the project.

5. What are the Different Test Techniques that are Used in Functional Testing?

When it comes to functional testing, two different test techniques are used that has different basis:

Requirement-based testing technique

Under the requirement-based testing technique, functional testing is executed keeping in mind the requirements established on the basis of the identified risks. In addition to that, it is made sure that the requisite critical test paths are incorporated into the testing process via this testing technique.

Business process-based testing technique

Under the business process-based testing technique, functional testing is given a brand-novel business outlook. For the execution of this type of testing technique, business knowledge is explored and used for performing tests successfully.

7. Define 'Data-driven Testing'.

Data-driven testing is all about repeating the execution of test cases of test scripts with the help of the inputs from a random CSV file, an Excel spreadsheet, an SQL database, or an XML file. Afterward, the outputs are compared to the one the tester was expecting. It is helpful since this methodology can be reused, and repeated with the test inputs remaining intact and separated from the test logic. In addition to that, this methodology can keep the test cases in check. For data-driven testing, testers generally put a test studio to use. This methodology is practiced because it comes with umpteen benefits. Some of them are:

Data-driven testing allows testing with the help of a variety of data values that come in sets, especially during regression testing.
With the help of data-driven testing, both the test as well as the verification data can be compiled in a single file. Best of all, it remains distinguished from the test cases' logic.
Based on the automation tool, it is plausible to keep all the concerned test scripts in the same repository, thus making the texts pretty lucid to understand, organize as well as maintain.
Because of data-driven testing, functions, and actions can now be used again in an array of tests.
With certain tools, you can now generate test data quickly and automatically. This comes in handy when a tester is asked to generate loads and loads of data randomly, and thus is time-saving.
With the help of data-driven testing, the previously-conducted tests can be re-conducted and that too umpteen times, thus reducing the number of test scripts and test cases.
It is because of data-driven testing that the test script is prevented in any and every manner from modifying the test data.

While data-driven testing sounds very lucrative, it does come with some drawbacks. These are:

There is no iota of doubt that data validation involves a lot of time especially when the tester is dealing with a gigantic database.
Herein, the quality of the execution of a test depends entirely on the automation testing skills of not the testing but the implementing team which is less adept in functional testing.
Since it requires consistent and a lot of coding work, data-driven testing often comes with a maintenance issue.
Training needs are high-end here. A tester may be compelled to pick a novel scripting language in between the project which might disrupt the schedule.
More and more documentation is undertaken in data-driven testing. Many test scripts are on infrastructure testing and other results alone.
A different notepad-like creation is required for data-driven testing in order to create and properly maintain data-related files.

8. What Do You Mean by "Automation Testing"? How Are Automation Tools Helpful in Carrying It Out?

A common question in functional testing interview questions for freshers, don't miss this one. Automation testing is where test cases are executed quickly with the help of any of the automation tools such as Selenium, SoapUI, Tellurium, and Watir to enhance the test coverage. Such functional testing automation tools help in interacting with the user interface of an application that is currently under testing. They assist the tester in identifying buttons and list boxes amidst other objects present on the screen which can be selected for data entry or can be pressed. One of the most widely used functional testing automation tools is the recorder. A recorder watches the way in which users engage and interact with the application as well as the array of objects hovering on the screen. It also records how users can select these visible objects, enter data, press buttons as well as select menus and perform a variety of other actions.

These actions are then replayed using the same set of objects to replicate the activities of the user base. The results fetched here are recorded by the functional testing automation tool. These are then compared with the results that are expected as per the automation engineer's criteria on the test getting successfully completed or getting failed. These functional testing automation engineers work on their tests in a step-by-step manner with the help of objects that can be edited with the help of tools. They also record steps and customize them based on the general data they have from the user's engagement or interaction with the application. Last but not least, they run the tests under different circumstances and in an array of environments including mobile devices and browsers.

Since automation testing focuses on executing the test cases that are pre-scripted, this methodology doesn't require any human input. In addition to that, automation testing emphasizes comparing the outcomes obtained every time. This methodology is lucid to use, is accurate and because of repeatability, it comes with a great consistency level as compared to other methodologies.

9. What is 'Volume Testing'?

It is a type of performance testing wherein an application is tested for handling a humungous database as well as the inflow of too much user traffic. The outcome is obtained in the form of its performance level and the run time it takes. Volume testing is also known as 'flood testing'.

Volume testing has a lot of benefits. These include:

It helps in consuming money by pre-identifying major load issues.
If you have scalability plans, then you can get a good jumpstart with volume testing.
Bottlenecks in the testing process are identified earlier and quicker.
It helps in checking the load an application can take with humongous data inputs.
Volume testing reveals the point where the application or the software will be robbed of its stability.
It is a great identifier of an application or a system's capacity. It assigns labels of normal volume and heavy volume.
An application should be of use in the real world. This validation is obtained with the help of volume testing.

To perform volume testing, a tester can follow some typical steps. These are:

Initiate a test to look for any data loss.
Carefully see what the response time of the system or the application is.
Check if the data has been stored aptly or not.
Look out for overwritten notifications that happen because of data leakage.
For volume problems, always look out for warning notifications as well as error messages.
Carefully observe the indelible impact humungous data leaves on the processing speed of the application or the software.
See if the system or the application you are working on has sufficient memory resources or not.
Now, see whether the volume testing has been executed over the entire system or the application, or not.
What happens if the data volume exceeds the permissible limit? Identify the arising risks, defects, or faults.
Does the application or software has some constrictions on larger dates? If yes, then, what are they?

In this manner, you can execute volume testing on your application or software.

14. Elucidate 'Ad Hoc Testing'.

Also known by the name 'random testing' or 'error guessing testing', the Ad hoc testing is a methodology that doesn't go by any pre-specified test or any pre-determined requirement. It is abrupt and unplanned in nature so any part of the application is randomly picked and checked for potential defects or risks. Since the testing itself is unplanned, naturally, the testers don't have any test cases for it. As a result, the defects found are difficult to reproduce. It is suitable for scenarios when testers cannot perform elaborative testing because of a scarcity of time. Generally, this type of testing is executed once a formal test has taken place. If a tester doesn't face a paucity of time, then Ad hoc testing can be executed on the system or the application alone. It is believed that Ad hoc testing is the most effective when the tester is well-versed with the nitty and gritty of the system under test. Ad hoc testing can be of various types:

Buddy Ad hoc testing

Here, two buddies work with a mutual understanding towards identifying faults or defects in the system or the application in the same module. Usually, one person is from the development team and the other one is a tester. They both come together to perform buddy Ad hoc testing. This type of Ad hoc testing is helpful in the development of test cases as far as the testers are concerned. For developers, such test cases can be modified earlier. This type of Ad hoc testing takes place once the unit testing is successfully completed.

Pair Ad hoc testing

Here, two testers from the testing team are assigned some modules for which they have to share a variety of ideas and ought to work on the same machines in order to spot defects and faults. In this type of Ad hoc testing, one of the testers manages the execution of the test while another one keeps a record of all the results, outcomes, and findings. The respective roles of these two could be of a scriber as well as a tester during testing.

Monkey Testing

Also known by the name 'random testing', this methodology aims at testing the capabilities of an application or software with a random input value. The tester is supposed to generate a random value via an automated tool or something, then fetch an output and finally, analyze it to see the difference.

In order to practice Ad hoc testing efficaciously, one can consider the following:

Proficient business knowledge.

For Ad hoc testing to go well, the testers need to have proficiency in business models and strategies. This will make them understand the business requirements of the assigned project in a much better and more efficacious manner. In addition to that, detailed business knowledge will help the testers in discovering faults, defects, or errors quickly and easily.

Test the key business modules.

The key business modules should be spotted, acknowledged, and targeted under the Ad hoc testing. Also, to strengthen confidence in the system quality, it is imperative to test all the business critical modules.

Record the important defects, faults, and errors.

This is a rule, a non-negotiable one. All the defects, faults, and errors ought to be well-recorded or well-written in a notepad. The defects must be assigned to the developers so that they can be fixed at the earliest. For each of the valid defects, faults, and errors, the corresponding test cases are to be added to the list of planned test cases simultaneously. These should be a technical parable for the developers as well as the testers and hence, ought to be reflected in the right light during the planning test cases of the next system or the next application.

In this manner, you can efficaciously execute Ad hoc testing.

15. What is 'Stress Testing'?

A performance testing type, stress testing is all about testing an application to such an extent that it will crash. It is done to see how much exertion an application or software can undergo. The exertion is usually in the form of a humungous data upload or too much user traffic. In addition to that, stress testing also sees how the application or the software plans to recover post-exertion when the data input or the user traffic is reduced. Tools like JMeter and LoadRunner are put to use by testers in order to execute stress testing. Stress testing can be branched into various types. These are:

Application Stress Testing

This particular type of stress testing focuses on finding out defects, errors, and faults concerning blocking, data locking, network reception as well as performance bottlenecks in software or an application.

Exploratory Stress Testing

The exploratory stress testing is executed when unforeseeable or hypothetical scenarios intervene with the real-life working of a software or an application. Herein, defects, errors, and faults are found in scenarios like a mammoth number of users logging in at the very same time, some database that has shifted offline despite the website being publicly accessible, a virus scanner that has kickstarted a considerable number of machines and that too together or when an already-gigantic database is inserted with more data.

Systemic Stress Testing

Systemic stress testing happens on more than one system that is on the same server. It is the perfect technique for finding out defects in case one application's data tends to block another application's data.

Transactional Stress Testing

This sort of stress testing is made to be executed between the transactions of two or more two applications. It is ideal for optimization as well as for fine-tuning.

To practice stress testing efficaciously, testers can follow the following steps:

Plan out the stress test.

Here, the tester carefully gathers some application or system data in order to analyze the application or the system. Then, the tester is able to determine the goals for this stress testing session.

Creation of automation scripts.

Here, you ought to create some stress-testing automation scripts. Using these very automation scripts, data for the test is generated keeping in mind the stress scenarios.

Executing the script.

In this step, the focus of the tester is to run the previously-created stress-testing automation scripts. The fetched test results are stored.

Analyzing the results.

The next step is to analyze the stored results. After analyzing the results obtained from stress testing, testers focus on identifying potential bottlenecks, defects, errors, or faults.

Fine-tuning and optimizing.

Last but not the least, a tester focuses on fine-tuning and optimizing the application or the system. Herein, the tester is allowed to modify the configurations as well as optimize the previously-entered code. All this is done to seek validation of whether the motive of stress testing has been achieved or not.

The entire process is executed again just to make sure that the spotted tweaks have managed to achieve the desired outcome. Usually, testers perform 3 to 4 cycles of stress testing in order to execute it efficaciously, letting the application or the system cash in as much benefit as it can from the testing process.

16. Explain the Term 'Load Testing'.

It's no surprise that this one pops up often in functional test planning interview questions Interview Questions. Load testing takes place when an application is made to bear numerous exertion levels to come upon the result of obtaining the server throughput of the application, its peak performance, the run-time, etc. Best of all, load testing determines the application's integrity, performance as well as stability in such scenarios when the workload exceeds all bounds. This testing technique comes with myriads of benefits:

Load testing is popular in the team of testers since it helps in the quick discovery of bottlenecks before actual deployment takes place. Herein, evaluating any random piece of the website, the application, or the software before deployment can be pretty helpful in highlighting the bottlenecks, allowing them to be addressed before they incur large real-world costs.
Without load testing, it would have been difficult to enhance the system's scalability. With scalability, we mean the limit of the operating capacity of software or an application. So, as the system tends to scale upward, the infrastructure needs can be well-determined and well-addressed.
Load testing helps reduce the system downtime and hence the failure cost. Usually, a system or an application faces various scenarios that can culminate in a system failure. Since load testing prevents that, it becomes an effective tool for discovering solutions to the problems of high-traffic much before they emerge in the real world. Also, identifying concerns at the initial stages (obviously before the launch of the final product) can help in curbing exorbitant failure costs. On the other hand, failures discovered post-launch are difficult to compensate for.
Last but not the least, load testing helps in garnering improved customer satisfaction. If a website's response times are short even as it scales up to a higher audience, one-time customers will be more apt to revisit. Hence, the better the service, the more satisfaction.

The best tool and software are not all that it takes for a tester to perform favorable load testing of the concerned software or application. What a tester needs is the most knowledge and efficacious of the best practices as far as load testing is concerned. Here are a few tried and tested practices for effective load testing:

Analyze the business requirements of the project.

Believe it or not, most of the testers forget to pay heed to the business requirements of the project. This can be efficaciously done via the identification and development of numerous test scenarios. These test scenarios are based on documents such as the Business Requirements Document(BRD), the business use cases, the project charter, the process flow diagrams as well as the system requirements specification (SRS).

Determining the key fulcrum points of an application and its peaked-up web performance.

A tester should determine the key measures for the application and its web performance. The entire team of testers should agree on the criteria to track that majorly include business performance metrics, maximum user load, resource utilization, response times, and throughput.

Choose a suitable load testing tool or tools.

Select a tool that best caters to your needs. Some tools include but are not limited to WebLOAD, Load View, and LoadRunner. JMeter could also be used for this.

Creating a test case.

Writing test cases is of paramount importance when it comes to functional testing. Here, the use of both - writing skills, as well as in-depth software testing skills, is required. The language used for writing the test cases should be lucid. In writing a test case, make sure both positive and negative scenarios are considered. Test cases must be accurate and capable of being traced to requirements. Apart from that, there should be a clear understanding of what the client needs to have on the screen. No assumptions should be made by the tester. Each doubt should be cleared. The input data should hold some value and should come with a wide scope. The test cases should feature any and every requirement. Nothing should be missed and nothing should be skipped. In order to do this, testers keep a traceability matrix for every requirement (especially the functional and the non-functional ones such as compatibility, UI, etc.) and record the progress made. On top of that, testers should not refrain from test cases. Apart from keeping redundancy at bay, high-priority cases should be taken into account first, followed by the medium-priority test cases and then the low-priority ones. Focusing on the release, quality-based test cases can be made so that it becomes seamless for the developer and the tester to analyze the project.

Understanding the test ambiance or environment.

Consider different types of deployments you might want to test. Create configurations like typical production. Test different system capacities like security, hardware, software, and networks.

Run tests at an incredulous level.

During these tests, the system will ultimately fail. One key goal is determining what volume results in failure, and spotlighting what fails first.

Always keep the potential end-users in mind.

The satisfaction of customers and site visitors is crucial to the achievement of business metrics. This plays into their willingness to revisit a site or re-access an application.

Intermediate

1. Elaborate on the Importance of 'Accessibility Testing'.

Given our fast-paced world, it is important to make sure that the tested application can be used by disabled people and changes their lives for the better. Accessibility testing is testing for a user base with disabilities. This implies that specially-abled people should be able to make use of the application in a hassle-free manner, thus making them a part of the remarkable technological revolution. A couple of software such as the special input keyboard, the screen magnification software, the screen reader software, and the speech recognition software is put to use for accessibility testing.

2. Expound on the 'Boundary Value Analysis'.

This analysis is used for checking the boundary values that are mentioned in an equivalence class partition. The analysis is put to use in order to spot the errors or the defects near the boundaries and hence, divert from looking at the values in the range. For instance, if an input field can take in at least eight characters and at max 12 characters, then the stipulated valid range will be 8 to 12. Herein, less than seven characters and more than 13 characters will be the stipulate invalid range. Henceforth, the defects or errors will be spotted for the exact boundary value as well as the valid and the invalid partition values.

3. When does a Tester Perform 'Smoke Testing'?

A smoke test is usually executed when an application's build is received. Under smoke testing, testers are expected to look out for critical paths without which an application might get crashed or gets blocked. However, no emphasis is to be laid on the functionality as such since that particular build can be accepted or dropped in case of a crashed application.

4. Expound on the Concept of 'Bug Cycle'. What will a Tester do Upon Encountering a Bug?

A staple in functional testing interview questions for 3 years of experience, be prepared to answer this one. Bug refers to spam, unwanted error, mistake, or a flaw occurring within the software hindering its output delivery. From the time a bug or defect is spotted till the time it is resolved properly, a bug is said to undergo various stages and processes within the realm of the application. This is termed the 'bug cycle' or the 'bug lifecycle'.

Sometimes, even after knowing the bugs, software or an application is launched. This is because these known bugs have a low defect priority or defect severity. Another thing that can happen after the software is released is a bug leakage. This happens when a customer can identify a bug and not the testing team.

When a bug is spotted, it is first logged in via a bug-tracking tool that has a specified format. The developer then gets these bugs and toggles their status as 'open'. Now, they can be reviewed, reproduced, and worked upon till it is completely eradicated. Later on, debugging is done either with the help of backtracking, as a brute force, a cause elimination, via fault tree analysis, or by slicing of the program. Once fixed, the status is toggled back to 'fixed'. If not, then labels such as 'can't be fixed' or 'cannot reproduce' are used. Then, it is the Quality Audit or QA manager that executes regression implying the verification of the bugs with more actions.

5. Differentiate Between 'Regression Testing' and 'Retesting' Techniques.

Regression testing, also known as generic testing, is all about checking if an application misbehaves after the incorporation of a new feature. On a whole, the novel functionality shouldn't mess up with the normal working of the application. Retesting, also called planned testing, is testing after successfully completing the test cases that had failed during their last execution. On a whole, verification of defects is carried out here. Keeping in mind the project, regression testing can be simultaneously carried out with retesting. However, retesting can only be performed before the regression when it's a high-priority case. Regression is done only for the tests that have got successfully completed whereas retesting is for failed tests. Regression testing can be carried out via automation since manual testing can consume too much time and money. However, automation cannot be carried out for retesting.

21. How to Write a Test Plan?

Writing an efficacious test plan is not rocket science, just follow the steps given below:

Give a title to your test plan.

First things, first. Give a name to your test plan, add the name of the Quality Audit or QA provider along with their logo, mention the version number, and the year it was formed.

Introduction, please.

Describe the project plan in this part of the test plan. Do not forget to jot it down in a note-like format.

List down the test items.

Every item that is to be tested features in the test items. In addition to that, it includes details such as registration, installation, and checkout and, thus provides a summary of the test plan. The more the objectives of the project, the longer your list will be.

Tested features.

Describe in detail the features of the test plan. The should be in sync with the framed timeline.

Carry out approach.

In this section, the approach toward testing is laid out. How the various testing stages or phases will be cleared, which methods will be used and the resources that will be employed are mentioned in detail here.

Trace out the test deliverables.

Test deliverables are the outcomes of the test that are undertaken. These are sent to the client in the form of metrics. They are apt indicators of the progress attained so far.

Training needs.

Not every project is based on a subject that is lucid for the testers. Sometimes, they can do it with some training. This aspect is covered in the test plan under the section on training needs. Herein, lectures from experts are rendered to the team of testers so that they can get well-acquainted with the topic they will be working on and can work efficaciously.

Make a schedule.

It's next to impossible to be productive without setting a timeline. Deadlines are important and should be laid out clearly for each stage or phase. In a schedule, testers are asked to specify the speed they are expected to progress with and the order in which they will be undertaking the tests.

Risk management

Without identifying the potential threats or faults, it is not advisable to proceed. Hence, the last step is to lay out the challenges that you will be facing and how to deal with them. While resolving threats is pretty seamless, faults require extra attention since these are failures erupting from a function that was getting executed by software.

Advanced

1. How to Carry Out a PDCA Cycle in Software Testing?

In order to continuously process improvement in the process of software testing, the 'Plan, Do, Check and Act' or 'PDCA' cycle stands out to be of paramount importance. It can be carried into these four enlisted processes:

PLAN

The first step is to plan out what objectives this project must meet, the goal it will be achieving and the initiatives that will be taken to garner customer satisfaction.

The first step gets to be implemented here. The customers are rendered better services and hence are more satisfied with the application or the software than ever before. Thus, it is important to have a solid plan for execution purposes.

CHECK

Next step is to check the progress done so far. In addition to that, you can get to know how accurately your plan has been implemented.

ACT

Acting upon the fetched results can help the application in achieving future goals more quicker and in a more efficacious manner.

2. When It Comes to Software Testing, What is Called the 'Exit Criteria'?

An 'exit criteria' is a set of parameters, standards, or conditions that are to be met in software testing. These parameters, standards, or conditions describe the mutually-agreed novel features or functionalities that should be incorporated to successfully complete the tests listed for a project. A strong 'exit criteria' marks a smooth and early exit from software testing and allows the testers to hand over the release sooner to the clientele.

3. Can We Do System Testing at Any Random Stage or Phase?

No. We know that testing is done once the test input data is obtained, the specified requirement list is fulfilled, and the test environment is set. So, system testing cannot be done as per one's own whims and fancies at any random stage or phase. It can only be conducted when everything is set in place.

4. Define the Software Testing Terms - Alpha, Beta, and Gamma.

The software testing term - Alpha is conducted by both the developers of the software and the testers. Many times, Alpha is conducted by the one who purchases the software or application, or by the team of people who do outsourcing without any aid from the software developers or the testers.

The software testing term - Beta is conducted by a set of users before the actual release of the application or the software. Beta testing is usually conducted with the help of end-user testing.

The software testing term - Gamma is done to check the last-minute details just before the final release. It is conducted by the ultimate user on his device. Before performing Gamma testing, all the firsthand in-house tests are omitted.

5. What is 'Defect Triage'?

Defect triage is a methodology by which prioritization of defects takes place based on the amount of time it will consume to fix it, the risk associated, and the defect severity. It is through a defect triage meet-up that various stakeholders associated with the concerned project such as the development team, project manager, testing team etc. come together.

9. What Does a Bug Report Consist Of? What are Some of the Handiest Bug Statuses?

This question is a regular feature in functional testing interview questions for experienced, be ready to tackle it. A bug report consists of the fact-findings, the observations as well as other information that might be useful for the developer in resolving bugs. Such a report helps in understanding the problem from the grass root level, the test environment that gave birth to the bug as well as is instrumental in finding out a lucrative solution.

Before a bug is resolved, it is given a status. Some of the most popular bug statuses of all time are:

Assigned

Once the tester has spotted a bug, it is logged in, reviewed, and then assigned to one of the stakeholders of the project. Generally, a test lead gets to review an assigned bug and post-review it is assigned to the developer team.

Cannot Reproduce

This status is given to a bug when it cannot undergo reproduction on its own even after abiding by the steps that have been described by a tester in the reported issue.

Deferred

A bug status for a low-priority bug that cannot be fixed because of a paucity of time. Till the next release, the bug is said to be 'deferred'.

Invalid or Not a bug

There can be times when although the reported issue of a tester is in compliance with the functionality but is a misinterpretation. In such a case, the reported bug is marked as 'invalid' or 'not a bug'.

New

A newly-detected or newly-logged-in bug is labeled as 'new'.

Open

The team of developers might wish to work on a bug for a while. In order to make sure that they can execute whatever they wish to on the bug, the bug is marked as 'open' and remains in the same state till the work is completed.

Reopen

Even after a bug has reproduced and continues to exist despite all the initiatives taken to resolve it, it is labeled as 'reopen'.

Resolved or Fixed

Once a bug is resolved or fixed by the developer and the application is working just fine by producing the required output in the case of an issue, the status of the bug is changed to 'resolved or fixed'.

Verified or Closed

A bug that has been labeled as 'resolved or fixed' is now tested by the tester. Once it successfully completes the test, the bug is now labeled as 'verified or closed'.

14. What Do You Know About Positive Testing and Negative Testing?

Expect to come across this popular question in functional testing interview questions for experienced. Positive testing involves entering a valid input value and obtaining a response in the form of an action that meets the expectations of the tester. It includes the end-user-based tests (also called the system tests), the decision-based tests as well as the alternate flow tests.

End-user based/System Tests

Herein, the system under test comprises of the components that when coupled together tend to achieve the user scenario. Let's say a customer scenario would include tasks like entering the correct credentials, going to the home page, and HRMS application loading, performing some actions, and logging out of the system. This particular flow has to work without any errors for a basic business scenario.

Decision-based Tests

Decision-based tests are centered around the ideology of the possible outcomes of the system when a particular condition is met. In the above scenario given, the following decision-based tests can be immediately derived If the wrong credentials are entered, it should indicate that to the user and reload the login page. If the user enters the correct credentials, it should take the user to the next UI. If the user enters the correct credentials but wishes to cancel the login, then it should not take the user to the next UI and reload the login page.

Alternate Flow Tests

Alternate path tests are run to validate all the possible ways that exist, other than the main flow to accomplish a function.

Negative testing, on the other hand, involves entering an invalid input value and carefully reading the displayed error messages. This includes equivalence tests, Boundary Value Analysis as well as Ad hoc tests.

Equivalence test

Equivalence partitioning is a black-box testing technique wherein the inputs are carefully divided into various data classes in the form of ranges. Here, the range of the inputs undergoes a sort of conditional formatting in which the tester expects all the other partitions to react in the same manner as the chosen one does during a test. For instance, if we are dealing with a financial application and we are supposed to find the interest rate for a particular bank balance, then we can identify bank balance ranges that earn an entirely different bank balance. Known by the name equivalence class partitioning, it is majorly performed to decrease the test case numbers after hitting the desired requirement.

Boundary Value Analysis

Ad hoc test

Also known by the name 'random testing' or 'error guessing testing', the Ad hoc testing is a methodology that doesn't go by any pre-specified test or any pre-determined requirement. It is abrupt and unplanned in nature so any part of the application is randomly picked and checked for potential defects or risks. Since the testing itself is unplanned, naturally, the testers don't have any test cases for it. As a result, the defects found are pretty difficult to reproduce. It is suitable for scenarios when testers cannot perform elaborative testing because of a scarcity of time. Generally, this type of testing is executed once a formal test has taken place. If a tester doesn't face a paucity of time, then Ad hoc testing can be executed on the system or the application alone. It is believed that Ad hoc testing is the most effective when the tester is well-versed in the nitty and gritty of the system under test. Ad hoc testing can be of various types:

Buddy Ad hoc testing

Here, two buddies work with a mutual understanding toward identifying faults or defects in the system or the application in the same module. Usually, one person is from the development team and the other one is a tester. They both come together to perform buddy Ad hoc testing. This type of Ad hoc testing is helpful in the development of test cases as far as the testers are concerned. For developers, such test cases can be modified earlier. This type of Ad hoc testing takes place once the unit testing is successfully completed.

Pair Ad hoc testing

Monkey Testing

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Tips and Tricks to Prepare for a Functional Testing Interview

After going through the aforementioned functional testing interview questions and answers, it's time to get on the train - to start preparing for your upcoming functional testing interview. Everybody can do this with a handful of tips and tricks. Here are some that can be of some help:

Be crystal clear about the skillset required for a particular functional testing job role.

Go through the skill set required for a particular functional testing job role. Some of them might ask for effective annual testing skills, some might want a test lead who can plan and coordinate the behavior of the entire team, some might settle for one who can simply refine the quality metrics of tests while some will ask for experienced performance tester. Depending on the nature of the job, you can define the skill set required and the responsibilities that can be met or well-discharged by you. In this manner, you will also get to know the grey areas where you are supposed to work in order to grab a particular functional testing job.

Resume, job cover letter - All set?

These days, all companies ask for is a prolific resume or a justifiable functional testing job cover letter. Not keeping these ready can determine your lack of the ability to grab an opportunity and will portray you as somebody who had the habit of not keeping track of their long-term career goals. Hence, keep yourself ready before applying for a job. And when they ask for your resume or cover letter, send it at the earliest showing how seriously committed you are towards getting this job.

Take immediate action.

Functional testing is a popular domain and this is the reason why there is a cutthroat competition in this field. If you get an opportunity and you don't take immediate action, then late might become never. So, to avoid procrastinating, it's better to think less and act immediately. As soon as they wish to interview you, respond immediately. Apart from that, vacancies have a natural "first come, first serve" policy. Hence, it is important to take advantage of this and have an edge over the late-timers. Say the company shortlisted you, but you took a good 2-4 days in responding to their e-mail. Well, this lethargic attitude is capable of ruining your career much before it has begun. So, be agile and respond as the earliest. This will leave a good memorable impression on the employer.

Start networking.

Start connecting with people who work in different functional testing job roles. Get in touch about the work ethic, code of conduct, perks, etc. Nothing works better than a real-time opinion of an employee of that company. You may speak to former employees as well. Start by dropping a text.

Ace the job interview with application-based knowledge.

If you think you are not that sound qualification-wise, then pull up the interview with grace and some practical knowledge. One can grab a job by simply acing the interview. Work on your manual testing skills with manual functional testing interview questions, test case writing skills, API functional testing interview questions, debugging skills, regression testing skills, etc. You may watch interview videos online or can take classes to ace your functional testing interview.

Take a follow-up

Once you have mailed the company or have got in touch with them telephonically, keep taking follow-ups. Those who take follow-ups are 20% more likely to grab a job than those who don't. Keep asking cordially about the status of your job application or if the company requires any further documents. But don't try to be too clingy. Maintain the required professionalism.

Showcase your past experience.

Make a mention of the projects you have worked on previously. You can describe the challenges faced in fixing a particular bug or not being able to find the potential risks associated etc. This is an indicator of real-world experience and that you can prove to be an asset to the organization. In case you are a fresher, then you can talk about the topics and projects you have explored on your own. For example, say you wish to be hired as an automation tester. Then, you can talk about how to perform debugging on a script code that is automated. Along the same lines, you can be asked some functional test lead interview questions.

Keep a backup plan

While plan A is displaying "work in progress", keep digging in for other companies and do apply there as well. This will be your backup plan. If by chance, you aren't able to get a job at company A, company B is at your disposal. And that is something that will boost your morale even after receiving a rejection from company A.

How to Prepare for a Functional Testing Interview?

Here are a few things that can help you get a good jumpstart for your upcoming functional testing technical interview questions as well as the basic interview rounds.

Get clarity on the functional testing job role you would like to take up.

Before diving into anything that is related to functional testing, just make up your mind on the job role that you are interested in taking up or the type of position you want to get. While this seems like the most obvious task, a majority of candidates sitting for a functional testing interview miss it. Browse through the sea of job roles and the concerned responsibilities that are offered alongside the qualification and skill set required to be an automation tester, a performance tester, or a software tester. Surf for functional testing jobs portals keeping these very job interests in mind. Once you have an idea, you can start working on the dominant profile questions. This can pave the way to getting your dream functional testing job.

Work on your functional testing skillset.

A lot of companies prefer employees with a specific skill set. Some prefer those who have proved their mettle by working on a couple of high-ended projects. If you are a fresher and you will be just starting with your first functional testing job, then it is of utmost importance to identify your skill set and work on enhancing it. Look for resources. Work on your skillset to give theoretically impressive and practically applicable answers to the functional testing questions put to you.

Read reviews on the companies you will be applying to.

Company reviews give you a deeper insight into the work culture of a company. Hence, during your job hunt, it's important to read such reviews. Who knows you may come across a secret perk that companies don't reveal. Reviews also reveal the negative aspects of a company's work environment. In this manner, you will get to know what it's like to work in a so and so a company in a real sense. Consider the reviews and trust whatever sounds genuine to you. Don't fall prey to fake reviews.

Surf salary packages.

Salary is the factor why most people take up functional testing in the first place. And finding a job altogether becomes easy once you know the package you want. Surf for the salary trends for various functional testing job roles. Do make a mental note that packages might be location-specific. Most of them depend on your qualification and skill set. For some of these jobs, mobile functional testing interview questions are asked.

Start preparing for the interview early.

Acing the basic functional testing interview questions isn't a cakewalk for many. Hence, it's important to start preparing as early as possible for the interview round. Run a background check of the company you are applying to. A good interview subsides under qualification as well as a career gap. So, work on acing the interview round with grace. You can opt for Software Testing training for a hands-on approach to answering these questions. Before you start preparing for your upcoming functional testing interview, have a glimpse of the variety of job roles this field has to offer as well as the companies that will be more than willing to hire you if you prove your mettle in the interview.

Generally, a functional tester is required to leverage into the following job roles:

Job Roles	Responsibility
Automation Tester	Is responsible for the preparation as well as the execution of the testing activity, and provides the requisite reports.
Performance Tester	Is responsible for evaluating how stable the application is by executing stress and run times and providing the requisite reports.
Software Tester	Is responsible for the execution of manual tests to spot the reported defects.
Test Analyst	Is responsible for enhancing the process of testing by analyzing and refining the quality metrics associated with it.
Test Lead	Is responsible for planning and coordinating test activities for the entire team.
Test Manager	Is responsible for elaborating the concerned test strategies and helps in coordinating the ongoing test activities with the rest of the team of testers.

The best part about functional testing is that there is an array of choices in both the job roles as well as the companies that offer functional testing jobs. Today, reputed organizations like:

Accenture
Cognizant
HCL
Infosys
JPMorgan Chase
Wipro.

What to Expect in a Functional Testing Interview?

There is no iota of doubt that functional testing interviews can be too intense at times. Hence, it is important to be prepared for anything and everything, especially for some functional testing and tricky interview questions. Here are a handful of things that can help you in dealing with even the most unexpected of questions in a functional testing interview:

Stick to your seat and don't let disappointment take over.

There might be times when you are asked something you don't know the answer to. Simply lying or saying something that is not asked will show you in poor light. Try thinking over the question, keep in mind that whatever is being asked is a part of functional testing only and rack your brains. If you are unable to answer, don't get disappointed and simply say that you will be reading about it. Say you wish to be hired as an automation tester. Now, if you are asked about an automation tool that you don't know at all or aren't that well-acquainted with, then you can simply discuss some basics that revolve around it. Strong basics never fail to impress the interviewers. Don't forget to mention that you be learning about this particular automation tool. This will show that you are inquisitive about learning.

Basics can turn out to be a 'boomerang'.

While most functional testing interview candidates focus on advanced questions and applications, they tend to miss out on the basics. Don't be surprised if you don't know the answer to a very basic question such as how to write a test case or what are some prominent bug statuses in your functional testing interview.

Expect questions that are related to the latest trends.

These questions are asked to see if the applicant keeps up with the latest trends or not. So, make sure that you lay emphasis on what's going on around the world as far as functional testing is concerned.

Be ready for some insightful 'personal' questions.

Believe it or not, this is the favorite part of most interviewers. They will try to prise out monotonous answers to questions such as why you chose this field, what or who is your inspiration as far as this field is concerned, and so on. Don't end up giving common answers. Make a list of things that can be asked and try answering them by sitting in front of a mirror. Figure out what excites you the most when it comes to functional testing, have you read any books on any of the related concepts, how your inherent qualities make you a suitable candidate, and instances where you shone in a team of testers by finding a latent defect, and so on.

Scenario-based questions and behavioral questions won't spare you.

A functional testing interview won't just be about your theoretical or practical knowledge, it will also be about situations that you might have encountered or will be encountering in the near future. Such scenario based functional testing interview questions let the interviewer know how tactfully you will be acting under stress and whether you are suitable for handling real-world situations or not. They might end up asking how you will approach a situation wherein your test lead doesn't agree with you, how you will ask your automation tester to re-work a particular functionality, etc. Make a list of situations you have handled in the past that are similar to these. Showcase that you have the skills, and hence, you are the person for this functional testing job!

Tools and techniques.

A software testing interview is incomplete if no questions are asked on the tools and techniques that are undertaken by testers to execute tests, resolve defects and release an application or software. Some interviewers might be keen on knowing your opinion about a newly-launched tool or technique.

Go through these:

Automation testing tools

These tools are helpful in automating the test cases. In addition to that, they can be very helpful in achieving speed, enhancing the efficacy of the application or software, reduces human intrusion thus increasing reliability.

Defect tracking tools

For logging in and tracking defects, testers often lay hands on defect-tracking tools. These tools help in reporting a test case as well as assigning it.

Test case management tools

Managing test cases can be very chaotic and exhausting. This is where test case management tools come into the picture. They help in managing, organizing, reporting as well as tracking test cases.

This list will make you portray as a suitable and knowledgeable candidate for this functional testing job. You can take the aid of online resources or books to know more about tools and techniques that are used for functional testing.

Writing a test case!

Writing test cases is of paramount importance when it comes to functional testing and trust us, this question won't be skipped. Be it a fresher or an experienced candidate, anyone and everyone should know how to write a test case. Here, the use of both - writing skills, as well as in-depth software testing skills, is required. The language used for writing the test cases should be lucid.

Apart from that, there should be a clear understanding of what the client needs to have on the screen. No assumptions should be made by the tester. Each doubt should be cleared. The input data should hold some value and should come with a wide scope. The test cases should feature any and every requirement. Nothing should be missed, nothing should be skipped.

In order to do this, testers keep a traceability matrix for every requirement (especially the functional and the non-functional ones such as compatibility, UI, etc.) and record the progress made. On top of that, testers should not refrain from test cases. Apart from keeping redundancy at bay, high-priority cases should be taken into account first, followed by the medium-priority test cases and then the low-priority ones. Focusing on the release, quality-based test cases can be made so that it becomes seamless for the developer as well as the tester to analyze the project.

Summary

Functional testing was, is, and will always be an integral part of software testing. With the need for software development and software testing increasing by manifolds, the job roles in the field of functional testing are expanding too. Given the cutthroat competition, we are certain that the aforementioned list of questions and their respective answers will give you an edge over other candidates in your upcoming functional testing interview.

Apart from the fundamentals, we have touched on a very important topic via a functional test planning interview question so that you are given an idea about each and every field. In order to enhance your knowledge, it is advisable to get enrolled in any of our efficacious and lucrative courses on functional testing which includes an in-depth discussion on functional QA interview questions sap.

We hope that you have gone through the questions of all three levels - beginner, intermediate, and functional testing interview questions for experienced so that you are confident and well-versed with almost everything as far as functional testing is considered.

Being nervous and not able to answer is a part and parcel of getting interviewed. All you need to do is brace up for potential questions as mentioned above and answer confidently as per your knowledge and skills. With these functional testing interview questions, we wish you all the very best for your functional testing interview. To learn and grasp more knowledge about the different aspects of functional testing, enroll in our Functional Testing courses.

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Functional Testing Interview Questions and Answers for 2025

Introduction

Beginner

Intermediate

Advanced

1. What Do You Understand by the Term 'Functional Testing'?

2. What Does Functional Testing Generally Involve?

3. How is Functional Testing Different from Non-functional Testing?

4. How Do You Write a Test Case in Functional Testing?

5. What are the Different Test Techniques that are Used in Functional Testing?

6. As a Tester, Which Login Features Will You Be Testing for a Random Web Application?

7. Define 'Data-driven Testing'.

8. What Do You Mean by "Automation Testing"? How Are Automation Tools Helpful in Carrying It Out?

9. What is 'Volume Testing'?

10. Define 'Exploratory Testing'. When do Testers Perform Exploratory Testing?

11. Distinguish Between 'Build' and 'Release'.

12. What is 'User Acceptance Testing'?

13. What Do You Mean by 'Equivalence Partitioning'?

14. Elucidate 'Ad Hoc Testing'.

15. What is 'Stress Testing'?

16. Explain the Term 'Load Testing'.

17. How is Severity Different from Priority?

18. What is 'Sanity Testing'?

19. Explain the Concept of 'Requirement Traceability Matrix or RTM'.

20. What Factors should be Considered by a Tester Before Undertaking Risk-Based Testing?

1. Elaborate on the Importance of 'Accessibility Testing'.

2. Expound on the 'Boundary Value Analysis'.

3. When does a Tester Perform 'Smoke Testing'?

4. Expound on the Concept of 'Bug Cycle'. What will a Tester do Upon Encountering a Bug?

5. Differentiate Between 'Regression Testing' and 'Retesting' Techniques.

6. What is a Test Strategy For?

7. In Functional Testing, What Sort of Covered and Coverage Techniques are Used by Testers?

8. Why Do Testers Perform Automation Testing?

9. Define the Term 'Test Closure'.

10. When are Test Deliverables Produced?

11. When it Comes to Software Testing, What is Called the "Entry Criteria"?

12. How is the 'Use Case Testing' Different from the 'A/b Testing'? Which One is Considered Better and Why?

13. How is 'Configuration Testing' Carried Out?

14. When It Comes to Functional Testing, How Do Testers Determine the Level of Any Risks Associated With or the Emergence of Any Potential Dangers?

15. What Do Testers Carry Out 'Manual Testing' When It is Time as Well as Money-Consuming?

16. What is a Test Plan in Functional Testing?

17. Why do Testers Need a Software Test Plan?

18. What are the Types of Test Plans?

19. What Are the Components of a Test Plan?

20. How Important are the Components of a Test Plan in Functional Testing?

21. How to Write a Test Plan?

22. How to Deal With Amendments in a Test Plan?

23. How is a Test Plan Different From a Test Case, a Test Strategy, and a Test Harness?

24. What is the International Standard for a Test Plan?

25. What are the Set Rules That an API Test Design is Bound to Abide By?

1. How to Carry Out a PDCA Cycle in Software Testing?

2. When It Comes to Software Testing, What is Called the 'Exit Criteria'?

3. Can We Do System Testing at Any Random Stage or Phase?

4. Define the Software Testing Terms - Alpha, Beta, and Gamma.

5. What is 'Defect Triage'?

6. How are Latent Defects Different from Masked Ones?

7. What is 'Test-Driven Development'?

8. What Do You Mean by a Stub?

9. What Does a Bug Report Consist Of? What are Some of the Handiest Bug Statuses?

10. Why is Configuration Management Carried Out?

11. When is a Bug Called 'Critical' in Functional Testing?

12. What Does a Defect Report Consist Of? What is the Significance of 'DRE' in It?

13. Are a Test Matrix and a Traceability Matrix One and the Same Thing? Why or Why Not?

14. What Do You Know About Positive Testing and Negative Testing?

15. Define the Term 'Defect Cascading'.

16. What are the Various Types of Test Levels? What Does Each Level Signify?

17. Explain 'Monkey Testing'.

18. Why is 'Baseline Testing' Conducted?

19. What do You Understand by a 'Testbed'?

20. Why is Agile Testing So Important?

21. What Does the 'Context-driven Testing' Involve?

22. Can a Program be Tested Thoroughly? Why or Why Not?

23. What Purpose Does the Conduction of 'Mutation Testing' Serve?

24. Can a Product Be Tested if the Requirement Hasn't Been Frozen Yet? Why or Why Not?

25. is There a Limit on the Number of Cases That Can Be Executed in a Day? if Yes, Then of How Many Test Cases?

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Tips and Tricks to Prepare for a Functional Testing Interview

How to Prepare for a Functional Testing Interview?

What to Expect in a Functional Testing Interview?