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Java vs. C#

Updated on Sep 3, 2025
 
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Both Java and C# are general purpose computer programming languages. Java was developed by Sun Microsystems with a GNU General Public License. C# was developed by Microsoft and approved as a standard by the ECMA and ISO.

These are some of the major differences between Java and C#:

Features

Java

C#

Definition

Java is an object-oriented computer programming language developed by Sun Microsystems.

C# is an object-oriented computer programming language developed by Microsoft.

Runtime Environment

Java runs on the Java platform with the help of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

C# runs on the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), which contains the executable code and runtime environment.

Database Connectivity

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is used for connecting Java with databases.

ADO.NET is used by C# to access data and data services from a database.

Arrays

Arrays in Java are a direct specialization of Object.

Arrays in C# are a specialization of System

Conditional Compilation

There is no support for Conditional Compilation in Java.

C# supports conditional compilation using preprocessor directives.

Exceptions

Java supports both checked and unchecked exceptions.

C# supports unchecked exception.

Map Interface

Java supports HashMap that provide a basic implementation of map interface using (key, value) pairs.

C# contains a Dictionary that is a collection of words and their definitions in (key, value) pairs.

Type Safety

Java type safety is safe.

C# type safety is unsafe.

Delegates

There is no support for delegates in Java.

C# supports the concept of delegates.

The goto statement

There is no support in Java for goto statement.

C# supports goto statement.

Data Types

In Java, the built-in data types that are passed by value are called primitive types.

In C#, the built-in data types that are passed by value are called simple types.

Packages

Packages are used in Java to prevent naming conflicts, to control access etc.

Namespaces are used in C# to keep one set of names separated from another.

Structures and Unions

Java do not support structures and unions.

C# supports structures and unions.

Operator Overloading

There is no concept of operator overloading in Java.

C# supports the concept of operator overloading.

Super keyword

Super keyword refers to the immediate parent class instance.

For super keyword in Java, there is a base keyword in C#. It is used to access the methods and constructors of base class.

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